Research Progress on Targeted Antioxidant Therapy and Vitiligo

Table 1

Antioxidants and their targeted signaling pathways related to vitiligo. Potential antivitiligo.

Target pathway	Treatment goal	Clinically applied antioxidants	Experimental antioxidants	Mechanism	References
Nrf2/ARE	Reduce oxidative damage of melanocytes	Simvastatin, aspirin, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761), afamelanotide	Berberine, cinnamaldehyde, baicalein, ginsenoside Rk1, dimethyl fumarate	Upregulation of antioxidant gene expression	[33–52]
PI3K/AKT	Reduce oxidative damage of melanocytes	8-Methoxypsoralen, chalcones, mesenchymal stem cells, basic fibroblast growth factor	Quercetin, geniposide	Regulate melanocyte proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism	[59–66]
Wnt/β-catenin	Stimulation of repigmentation	Vitamin D	Wnt receptor inducer (SKL2001), H2, adipose tissue extracellular fraction (AT-Ex)	Stimulation of melanocyte stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration	[79–85]
AhR	Reduce oxidative damage of melanocytes	—	Tapinarof, isopsoralen, norisoboldine, cinnamaldehyde	Repairing mitochondrial oxidative damage by regulating mitochondrial biosynthesis	[38, 91–93]
p38 MAPK	Reduce oxidative damage of melanocytes	Minocycline, Kursi Karwiya or caraway tablet, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, glutathione	Hyperacetylated epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 2,3,4,4-tetrahydrochalcone (RY3-a), flumequine, maclurin, psoralen derivative-MPFC, baicalein, cynarine, apigenin, methyl 3,5-di-caffeoylquinate	Melanogenesis and antioxidant activity	[96–110]