|
| Antioxidant | Therapeutic effects |
|
| Polyphenols | Resveratrol (RSV) | Inhibition of NP cell death and senescence [123, 124]
Promoted NP cell proliferation [120, 123]
Downregulates matrix protease and cytokine expression [125–128]
Enhanced the synthesis of PG in NP cells ([125], [128], [126], [127]) |
| Polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate | Inhibited NP cell senescence and apoptosis [52, 129]
Inhibited the expression of cytokines and MMPs in NP cells ([52], [129]) |
| Ferulic acid (FA) | Inhibited the accumulation of ROS in NP cells [130, 131]
Upregulated the expression of aggrecan and type II collagen [130, 131]
Downregulated the expression of MMP-3 ([130], [131]) |
| Cordyceps militaris | Inhibition of ROS production [132, 133]
Inhibition of NF-κB pathway activation [134] |
| ROS scavengers | Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) | An important cofactor for mitochondrial dehydrogenase redox
ROS scavenger [135, 136]
Inhibited NP cell apoptosis [137]
Inhibited downregulation of type II collagen and aggrecan in NP cells [138] |
| Fullerenes | Powerful ROS scavenger ([139], [140]) |
| Fullerol | Reduction of ROS production in NP cells [141]
Attenuated upregulation of matrix proteases and downregulation of type II collagen [142]
Promoted matrix synthesis [141]
Inhibited ectopic ossification [142] |
| Nonenzymatic antioxidants | Glutathione (GSH) | Inhibited NP cell apoptosis and stromal breakdown [141, 143]
Reduced OS production ([49], [94]) |
| N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) | Reduced ROS levels [49, 94]
Inhibited the activation of inflammatory signalling pathways [49, 94]
Inhibited catabolism of intervertebral disc cells [49, 94]
Inhibited autophagy and apoptosis of intervertebral disc cells [49, 94]
Improved premature aging ([49], [94]) |
| Oestrogen | Oestrogen | Enhanced antioxidant capacity [144]
Upregulation of aggrecan and type II collagen expression [145–147]
Downregulates the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 [148]
Reduces oxidative damage and promotes autophagy ([149], [137]) |
|
