The Mystery of Exosomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

The upregulated expression levels of RNAs in GDM and the possible mechanism involved in GDM.

Sample	Upregulated	Related mechanism	Publication
Serum and urine	miR-429	IRS-1: a target gene of miR-429	[57]
Serum	miR-1323	Inhibit trophoblast cell viability via inhibiting TP53INP1	[58]
Serum	miR-16-5p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-134-5p	—	[59]
Placenta	miR-222	Suppress inflammatory response by promoting CXCR4 and inactivating NLRP3 inflammasomes	[60]
Serum	miR-2467	Adiponectin: a target gene of miR-2467	[61]
Placenta	miR-140-3p	Relate to defective placental IR signaling	[62]
Blood	miRNA-223	—	[63]
Serum	miR-195-5p	Inhibit cell viability and proliferation and promote apoptosis by targeting EZH2	[64]
Blood	miR-330-3p	INS-1 cell dysfunction	[65]
Peripheral blood	miR-770-5p	Influence pancreatic β-cell function	[66]
Placental macrophages	miR-657	Regulate macrophage proliferation, migration and polarization	[67]
Serum	miRNA-19a and miRNA-19b	—	[68]
Placenta-derived mononuclear macrophages	miR-657	Influence inflammatory response via IL-37/NF-κB signaling axis	[69]
Plasma	miR-137	HG-induced VEC dysfunction	[70]
Whole blood cells	miRNA-340	PAIP1: a miRNA-340 target gene	[71]
Placenta tissue	miR-503	Regulate pancreatic β-cell function by targeting the mTOR pathway	[72]
Plasma	miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, and miR-20a-5p	Correlate with IR	[35]
Placenta	miR-98	Link to the global DNA methylation by targeting Mecp2	[73]
HUVECs	circ_0074673	Regulate the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HG-HUVECs via the miR-1200/MEOX2 axis	[74]
Plasma	circ_0008285	circ_0008285 may maintain the HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cell function by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	[45]
Placental tissues	Circ-PNPT1	Promoted HG-induced trophoblast cell biological dysfunction through miR-889-3p/PAK1 axis	[52]
Peripheral blood	ERMP1, TSPAN32, MRPL38, and RPL13P5	RPL13P5 involved in insulin resistance via the PI3K-AKT and insulin signaling pathways	[75]
Umbilical cord blood exosomes	Lnc-RXYLT1-3 : 2, lnc-TFDP2-7 : 2, lncCOX17-2 : 3, and lnc-ZBTB46-3 : 6	Most of the exosomal lncRNAs harbored miRNA binding sites	[16]
Plasma	MEG8	—	[76]
Placental tissues	MALAT1	Associate with inflammation and the proliferation, invasion, and migration of placental trophoblastic cells via modulating the TGF-β/NF-κB signaling pathway	[77]
Blood and placental villous tissues	MEG3	miR-345-3p: a target; inhibit HTR-8/SVneo cell viability, and prevent cell migration and invasion in addition to inducing cell apoptosis	[78]
Serum	MALAT1	—	[79]
Plasma	SOX2OT	—	[80]

Abbreviations: IRS: insulin receptor substrate; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; IR: insulin resistance; EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2; IL: interleukin; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; HG: high glucose; VEC: vascular endothelial cell; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; Mecp2: methyl CpG binding protein 2; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; PAK1: p21 activated kinase 1; TGF-β: tumor growth factor β; MEG3: maternally expressed gene 3.