Nanoscale Modification of Titanium Implants Improves Behaviors of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteogenesis In Vivo

Figure 5

In vitro rBMSC osteogenic differentiation on different surfaces. (a) Expression of osteogenic index of rBMSCs on SLA, h1SLA, and h2SLA at 7 d. (b) Relative ALP activity of rBMSCs on different samples at 7 d and 14 d. (c) Quantitative detection by Alizarin red staining at 14 d. (d–f) Adhesion and spreading of cells on each surface after osteogenesis induction for 4 d. Red: rhodamine-phalloidin. Blue: DAPI. (g–i) Staining of ALP in SLA, h1SLA, and h2SLA groups at 14 d. (j–l) The expression of OCN (green) explored by immunofluorescence assay at 14 d. (m–o) Pictures of mineralization nodules deposited on different surfaces at 14 d.