| | Classification | Name | Source | Dose/
Concentration | Mechanisms | Models
(in vivo/vitro) | Clinical etiology (mimic) |
| | Pyrazine alkaloids | Tetramethylpy-razine
(TMP)/Ligustrazine | Ligusticum wallichii Franchat | 100 mg/kg, i.p. | Oxidative stress | Rats, GM (in vivo) [64] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 50, 100 μM | Oxidative stress (Nrf2/HO-1) | HK-2 cells, as (in vitro) [43] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 50, 100 mg/kg, i.p. | Oxidative stress (Nrf2/HO-1), inflammation (TLR4/NF-κB), apoptosis | Rats, CP (in vivo) [63] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 40 mg/kg, i.p. (in vivo)
30, 50 μM (in vitro) | Inflammation (NOD2), apoptosis, autophagy | Rats, I/R (in vivo), NRK-52E cells, H/R (in vitro) [108] | Surgery | | | | 40 mg/kg, i.p. | Inflammation (NLRP3), apoptosis (caspase-3) | Rats, I/R (in vivo) [75] | Surgery | | | | 30, 60 mg/kg, i.v. | Apoptosis (caspase-3) | Mice, CLP (in vivo) [89] | Sepsis | | | | 80 mg/kg, i.p. | Apoptosis (Bax/bcl-2) | Rats, CM (in vivo) [88] | Drugs/toxics |
| | Isoquinoline alkaloids | Berberine
(BBR) | Berberis vulgaris | 10 μM | Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis (Bax/bcl-2/caspase-3) | HK-2 cells, H/R (in vitro) [65] | Surgery | | | | 1, 2, 3 mg/kg, i.g. | Oxidative stress (Nrf2/HO-1), apoptosis (caspase-3), inflammation (NF-κB), autophagy (LC3B) | Mice, CP (in vivo) [90] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 20, and 40 mg/kg; p.o. | Oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, mitochondrial damage | Rats, GM (in vivo) [67] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 20, 40 mg/kg, p.o. | Oxidative stress, apoptosis (Bax/bcl-2/caspase-3), inflammation | Rats, I/R (in vivo) [17] | Surgery | | | | Nanoparticles, 2, 4 mg/kg, i.v. | Oxidative stress, apoptosis (Bax/bcl-2/caspase-3), | Rats, I/R (in vivo) [66] | Surgery | | | | 5, 10, 20 mg/kg, i.v. | Oxidative stress | Rats, DOX (in vivo) [42] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 50 mg/kg, p.o. | Oxidative stress (Nrf2/Keap1), apoptosis(Bax/bcl-2/caspase-3), inflammation (NF-κB) | Rats, MTX (in vivo) [15] | Drugs/toxics | | | | 5, 10 mg/kg, i.p. (in vivo)
1, 2, 4 μM (in vitro) | Autophagy (PINK 1/Parkin) | Mice, CP (in vivo), NRK-52E cells, CP (in vitro) [101] | Drugs/toxics |
| | Protopine | C. Humosa Migo | 5 mg/kg, i.g. | Apoptosis (Bax/bcl-2/caspase-9/caspase-3), inflammation (TLR4/NF-κB), pyroptosis | LPS, mice (in vivo) [92] | Sepsis | | Neferine | Nelumbo nucifera | 20 mg/kg, i.p. (in vivo)
2, 4, 8 μM (in vitro) | Inflammation(NF-ΚB, klotho), apoptosis (Bax/bcl-2/caspase-3) | Mice, I/R (in vivo), NRK-52E cells, H/R or LPS (in vitro) [103] | Surgery, sepsis | | Indole alkaloids | Vinpocetine
(vin) | Catharanthus roseus | 5 mg/kg, i.p. (in vivo)
3 μ/ml (in vitro) | Oxidative stress (Nrf2), inflammation(NF-κB) | Mice, CP (in vivo), HK-2 cells, CP (in vitro) [68] | Drugs/toxics | | Gelsemine | Gelsemium elegans | 5, 25 mg/kg, p.o. | Oxidative stress | Rats, CP(in vivo) [64, 71] | Drugs/toxics | | Evodiamine | Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.)Benth | 10 mg/kg, i.p. | Oxidative stress, inflammation (NF-κB), apoptosis (caspase-3) | Rats, I/R [91] | Surgery |
| | Pyridine alkaloids | Oxymatrine (OMT) | Sophora flavescens Ait, | 150 mg/kg, i.p. | Oxidative stress(Nrf2/HO-1) | Rats, I/R [69] | Surgery |
| | Tropane alkaloids | Anisodamine | Scopolia tangutica
Maxim | 1 mg/kg, i.p. | Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis(caspase-3) | Rats, glycerol [46] | Drugs/toxics |
| | β-Carbine alkaloids | Harmine | Peganum harmala L. | 25, 50 mg/kg, i.g. | Inflammation (TLR4/NF-κB, NLRP3) | Mice, LPS [70] | Sepsis |
| | Organic amine alkaloids | Leonurine | Leonurus cardiaca | 50 mg/kg, p.o. | Oxidative stress, inflammation (NF-κB) | Mice, LPS [72] | Sepsis |
| | Aporphine alkaloids | Nuciferine | Nelumbo nucifera | 30 mg/kg, i.g. | Ferroptosis | Mice, folic acid [87] | Drugs/toxics |
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