Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects

Table 3

Medicinal potential of Carica papaya L. leaf extract against virus-induced thrombocytopenia.

Treatment	Effect on cancerous cells	References
Aqueous isolate of C. papaya leaves (1.25–27 mg/mL)	(i) Exhibited an effective anticancer property on cancer cell lines (stomach cancer cell line (AGS), pancreatic cancer cell line (Capan-1), colon cancer cell line (DLD-1), ovarian cancer cell line (Dov-13), lymphoma cell line (karpas), breast cancer cell line (MCF-7); (ii) Suppressed DNA synthesis by inhibiting the incorporation of 3H-thymidine	[70]
Aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves (0.625–20 mg/mL)	(i) Inhibition of proliferative responses of haematopoietic cell lines and solid tumour cell lines; (ii) Increase in the expression of immune modulatory genes	[36]
Brewed leaf juice (20 mg/mL)	(i) Effective antiproliferative activity against cancerous cells of the prostate; (ii) Suppression of SCC25 cells growth in a dose-dependent manner; (iii) Survivability of 20% SCC25 cells, and 70% cancer-free human keratinocyte HaCaT cells remained viable with a dose of 20 mg/mL	[37]
Aqueous C. papaya leaf extract (659.63 μg/mL)	(i) Antiproliferative and apoptotic induced effect of papaya leaf inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer cell; (ii) Leaf extract exhibited apoptosis of MCF-7 cell line (22.54%)	[76]
Papaya leaf juice and its various extracts (0.25–0.1 mg/mL)	(i) Effective antiproliferative activity against cancerous cells of the prostate; (ii) Potent growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activities on all prostate cells except the normal (RWPE-1 and WPMY-1) cells; (iii) Medium polar fraction inhibited migration and adhesion of metastatic PC-3 cells	[77]
C. papaya leaf juice (0.01-1 mg/mL) in prostate epithelial cancer cells, benign tumor, and human prostate cancer cells	(i) Decrease the cancer cell proliferation; (ii) Arrest the S phase cell cycle; (iii) Induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells	[7]
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with papaya leaf extract (0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL) at 24 h and 48 h on human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells.	Reduction in cell proliferation and subsequent apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells.	[78]