Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Review Article

Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects

Table 7

AgNPs synthesis using C. Papaya leaf with well-defined applications, characterization techniques, particle characteristics, and operating conditions.


Applications	Operating conditions	Characterization techniques used	Particle characteristics	Reference

(i) AgNPs exhibited inhibitory effect against both gram-positive and negative bacterial species	AgNO₃ (1 mM); extract: AgNO₃ (1 : 4), heated at 60°C for 5–10 min and incubated on sand bath for 30 min	UV-vis, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TEM, XRD	Size: 50-200 nm; shape: spherical	[112]
(i) Antibacterial activity against human pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis (ii) Cytotoxic effects against human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF 7)	AgNO₃ (2 mM); kept at 37°C in dark condition for 72 h	HR-TEM, UV-vis, FTIR, XRD	Size: 6-18 nm shape: face-centered cubic crystalline (fcc)	[113]
(i) NPs exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. (ii) Exhibited binding activity against dengue type 2 virus NS1	AgNO₃ (1 mM); aqueous leaf extract: AgNO₃ (1 : 9); maintained at 27°C/24 h	FTIR, AFM, XRD	Size: 7–32 nm shape:	[114]
(i) Showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. Cereus	AgNO₃ solution	UV-vis, FESEM, FTIR, EDX	Size: 13-69 nm shape: spherical	[115]
(i) Showed exhibited inhibitory against both gram-positive and negative bacterial species	AgNO3 (0.01 M); aqueous leaf extract: AgNO3 (1 : 4), heated on a sand bath at 70°C for 20 min	UV-vis, SEM	Size: 5 to 50 nm shape: spherical	[116]
(ii) Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus	1% silver nitrate (AgNO₃); maintained at 40°C temperature for 24 h.	UV-Vis	Size: 250 nm shape: ND	[117]
(i) Antioxidant	AgNO₃ (1 mM); extract: AgNO₃ (1 : 9); mixture was boiled at 45°C for 30 min	HE-TEM, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX	Size: 10 nm shape: spherical	[118]
(i) Blue CP and yellow 3RS dyes degradation (ii) Antibacterial activity against gram negative (E. coli) and gram positive (S. aureus)	AgNO₃ (0.002 M); incubated for 24 h at 37°C	TEM, EDS, UV-vis	Size: 10-70 nm Shape: spherical	[119]
(i) Antibacterial activity against human pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus)	AgNO₃ (1 mM)	UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM	Size: 16 nm to 18 nm shape: spherical	[120]
(i) Better efficacy against cancer cells and was also relatively less toxic to normal cells	AgNO₃ (1 mM); 200 μL extract: 10 mL AgNO₃); solution was incubated in water bath at 50°C	TEM, STM, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR	Size: 10 to 20 nm shape: spherical	[7]
(i) Exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacterial strains like (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitis)	AgNO₃ (1 mM); extract: AgNO₃ (1 : 9); incubated for 24 h at 37°C	UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, DLS	Size: 80 nm shape: spherical	[111]
(i) Possessed potential antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli	AgNO₃ (1 mM); kept at 37°C for 3 hours	UV-vis, TEM, FTIR	Size: 13-17 nm shape: spherical	[121]