Protective Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on the Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, and Apoptosis in the Hepatocytes of Salmonella Gallinarum-Challenged Young Chicks

Figure 11

Modulation of AMPK-mTOR pathway by S. gallinarum infection to chicken hepatocytes and reversing effect of cinnamaldehyde; an evidence from transcriptome analysis. S. gallinarum infection results in activation of the AMPK-mTOR pathway, eventually causing less glucose, fatty acid, protein, and lipid biosynthesis. At the same time, cinnamaldehyde treatment inhibits these metabolic changes and results in the modulation of the genes involved in more glucose, fatty acid, protein, and lipid biosynthesis. It is important to note that genes of AMPK-mTOR, which were upregulated in the treatment group, were actually downregulated in the challenge group and vice versa.