Protective Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on the Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, and Apoptosis in the Hepatocytes of Salmonella Gallinarum-Challenged Young Chicks

Figure 6

Effect of cinnamaldehyde on S. gallinarum-induced liver damage; evidence from transmission electron microscopy. (a–c) Liver of chicken from the control (CON) group showing the normal architecture of hepatocytes and smooth rounded nucleus with abundant normally distributed chromatin and prominent nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and intact mitochondria. (d–f) Extensive liver damage in general and hepatocytic degeneration, in particular, have been found by intraperitoneal infection of S. gallinarum (SG group) at 1, 3, and 5 DPI by electron microscopy. However, (g–i) deleterious effects by intracellular activities of Salmonella were mitigated by cinnamaldehyde in the treatment (SG+CA) group, as evident by the figure showing relatively normal hepatocytic architecture compared to that of the challenge group (SG).