Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate Prevents Myocardial Oxidative Stress in Septic Cardiomyopathy

Figure 2

Ketone bodies mitigated cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in septic cardiomyopathy. (a) Representative transmission electron microscopy images of the Con, LPS, and heart sections ( per group). Scale . (b–d) The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) curve in the presence of pyruvate and malate of the isolated mitochondria from the mouse hearts (b). The ADP-stimulated OCR (c) and FCCP-stimulated OCR (d) ( per group). (e) Representative images of dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in Con, LPS, and hearts ( fields, from 3 hearts per group). Scale  μm or 50 μm. (f and g) Western blotting of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNP) in the heart tissues from Con, LPS, and mice (f) ( per group). The protein levels of DNP were normalized to the GAPDH levels, and the data were expressed as the fold change relative to the control (g) (n =5 per group). (h) Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the heart tissues ( per group). (i) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the heart tissues ( per group). Con: Control; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; KE: ketone ester; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; Oligo: oligomycin A; FCCP: trifluorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone; and AA: antimycin A. Data are presented as the . Statistical comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (c, d, g, h, and i). The exact values were reported for the indicated comparisons, with considered statistical significance. , , , and for the indicated comparisons.

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