Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Stroke: Recent Insights into Autophagy

Figure 1

Manipulation of autophagy in neurons after ischemic stroke. NEP1-40 treatment inhibits autophagic activation via NGR1/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and attenuates secondary neuronal damage [57]. DADLE has been shown to protect ischemic CA1 neurons by activating delta opioid receptor (DOR)-AMPK-autophagy axis [55]. 4 Schizandrin and DCMQA inhibit neuronal apoptosis via suppression of AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy [50, 58]. TAT-SPK2 interacts with Bcl-2 via its BH3 domain, thereby dissociating it from Beclin 1, activating autophagy and protecting neurons against ischemic injury [69]. Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces tolerance to cerebral ischemia by inhibiting autophagy through the inhibition of GSK3β [59]. LncRNA MEG3/miR-378/GRB2 axis is involved in neurological functional impairment targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke [60]. Icariside II has been reported to attenuate neuronal injury via inhibiting PKG/GSK-3β/autophagy axis [51].