Molecular, Pathological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects of Perihematomal Edema in Different Stages of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Table 4

Variables that may aggravate PHE in patients.

Baseline variables	Clinical variables	Hematological characteristics	Other clinical variables
Male gender and older age [115]	A higher score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [115]	Higher platelet count [147]	Cerebral venous drainage system damage; (i) AIVF [125]; (ii) Negative JVR [157]; (iii) Lower CVFV [158]
Genetic characteristics; (i) APOE4^+ [132]; (ii) AQP4 (rs1054827) [133]; (iii) GC genotype in the TIMP-2-418 position (rs8179090) [134]; (iv) Hp 1-1 phenotype [131]	Lower Glasgow Coma Scale score [115]	Systemic inflammatory response (higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio) [117, 148]	Glymphatic system damage?
Higher glucose [115]	Larger initial ICH volume [116, 138]	Higher admission hematocrit [21]
History of hypertension [138]	Irregular hematoma or black hole sign [115, 116]	Higher admission time for partial thromboplastin time [21]
Higher admission SBP [144, 145]	Larger initial EED [115]	Absence in warfarin preuse [99, 149]
Impaired blood pressure regulation [139]	Time from symptom onset [138]	Higher serum levels of IL-6 and soluble CD163 [150, 153]
Higher body temperature [123, 124, 138, 140, 141]	Absence in sulfonylurea drug pretreatment [142, 143]	Higher serum MMP-3 or MMP-8 levels [151, 152]

Abbreviations: PHE: perihematomal edema; APOE4: apolipoprotein E; AQP4: aquaporin 4; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; Hp: haptoglobin; SBP: systolic blood pressure; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; EED: edema extension distance; MMP: matrix metallopeptidase; AIVF: absent in ipsilateral venous filling; JVR: jugular vein reflex; CVFV: cerebral venous outflow volume.