Quantitative methods Study Design No. of patients Functional outcome measures Imaging modality Median ICH volume on admission (mL) Time phase for PHE quantitation Findings Absolute PHE volume Volbers et al. [100 ] Retrospective 292 90-day mRS CT 17.7 Peak PHE volume The high peak volume of PHE was an independent predictor of the worse outcome on day 90. Volbers et al. [20 ] Retrospective 220 mRS at discharge CT 22.8 Within 12 h The high peak PHE volume predicted a poor discharge outcome. Ozdinc et al. [175 ] Retrospective 106 30-day mortality CT 2.14 vs. 18.73 for survivors and nonsurvivors within 30 d after ICH onset On days 1-12 The absolute area of the perihematomal edema but not the absolute volume of the perihematomal edema was an independent indicator of mortality at 30 days. Nawabi et al. [99 ] Retrospective 811 90-day mRS CT 47 Within 12 h An increase in early PHE volume did not increase the probability of a poor outcome in OAC-ICH but was independently associated with poor outcomes in NON-OAC-ICH. Shirazian et al. [176 ] Prospective 1,089 30-day mortality, 90-day mRS CT 22.5 Within 48 h The absolute increase in PHE within 48 hours after ICH was associated with increased mortality and worse functional outcomes. Appelboom et al. [177 ] Prospective 133 Discharge outcome (mRS) CT Less than 30 Within 24 h The effect of absolute PHE volume on functional outcome after ICH depended on the size of the hematoma, with only patients with smaller hemorrhages showing poorer results with worse PHE. Loan et al. [178 ] Prospective 342 Death or dependence (mRS) one year after ICH CT 48 Within 3 days The high volume of perihematomal edema did not predict a poor outcome. PHE growth Lv et al. [179 ] Prospective 233 3-month mRS CT 13.4 From baseline to 24 hours Early expansion of PHE was associated with poor outcomes. Ye et al. [116 ] Prospective 197 90-day mRS CT 12.7 From baseline to day 3 An increase in PHE Grunwald et al. [180 ] Retrospective 115 90-day mortality or poor functional outcome ( CT 11.3 vs. 36.9 for patients with deep and lobar ICH From baseline to 24 h and 72 h PHE 72 hours was associated with poor functional outcomes after deep ICH, while PHE 24 hours was associated with mortality for deep and lobar ICH. Urday et al. [109 ] Retrospective 139 90-day mRS CT 19 PHE expansion rate between admission and 24-hour post-ICH A faster PHE expansion rate 24 hours after ICH predicted a worse outcome. Murthy et al. [181 ] Prospective 596 90-day mRS CT 15 Within a period of 6 to 72 hours after the onset of ICH The absolute increase in PHE during the first 72 hours after ICH was associated with worse functional outcomes, particularly with basal ganglia ICH and Hurford et al. [136 ] Prospective 1,028 90-day mRS CT 13.7 From onset to 72 hours An increase in EED in the first 72 hours was independently associated with decreased functional outcomes at 90 days. Wu et al. [115 ] Prospective 861 6-month mortality CT 14 The first 72 hours A higher EED than expected was associated with mortality at 6 months. Venkatasubramanian et al. [21 ] Prospective 27 Barthel index, mRS, and extended GCS scores at 3 months MRI 33.6 From admission to 48 h The growth of edema volume was correlated with a decrease in neurologic status at 48 hours, but not with a functional outcome. rPHE volume Sykora et al. [139 ] Prospective 38 Early neurologic deterioration CT 20.63 48-72 h after ictus rPHE independently predicted early neurologic deterioration. Arima et al. [138 ] Prospective 270 Death or dependency at 90 days CT NA On day 3 Both absolute PHE and rPHE predicted death or dependency at 90 days. Gebel et al. [182 ] Prospective 142 12-week mRS or 30-day mortality CT 12.2 Within 3 hours after the onset of ICH and then 1 and 20 hours later rPHE independently predicted a poor 3-month functional outcome. Staykov et al. [110 ] Retrospective 219 In-hospital mortality CT 35.7 Increase in absolute PHE between days 1 and 3, initial rPHE An increase in absolute PHE but not rPHE between days 1 and 3 was significantly predictive of in-hospital mortality.
