The Beneficial Effects of Chinese Herbal Monomers on Ameliorating Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Nrf2 Signaling

Figure 1

Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DCM (created with BioRender.com). In patients with diabetes, the main abnormalities of the inner environment are hyperglycemia, systemic insulin insistence, and hyperinsulinemia. Oxidative stress could trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and impair calcium handling and increase Ca²⁺ sensitivity and Ca²⁺ influx. ROS/RNS could impact both β-cells and cardiac cells leading to cell death and dysfunction. ROS: reactive oxygen species; RNS: reactive nitrogen species.