CGRP: A New Endogenous Cell Stemness Maintenance Molecule

Figure 1

Diagram of the structures for both the CALCA and CALCB genes. Both the CALCA and CALCB genes contain all six exons, with multiple methylation and other modification sites. (a) Multiple methylation sites of CALCA promoter with a large area of CpG in the 5 end were found in different types of bacterial preterm sepsis (-716 bp, -719 bp, -728 bp, -733 bp, -739 bp, -769 bp, -771 bp, and -796 bp) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its paracancer (-23 bp, -247 bp), and the methylation of CALCA exon 1 was related to fluoride exposure. CALCA enhancer could also be activated by upstream stimulating factor (USF) and forkhead protein Foxa2. Four novel polymorphic alleles were found in neurological or psychiatric disease: two (g.979G>A and g.4218T>C) represented single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one consisted of two coupled SNPs in close vicinity to each other (g.1210T>C and g.1214C>G), and one was an intronic 16 bp microdeletion (2919-2934del16). One of the SNPs (g.4218T>C) causes a nonsynonymous amino acid change (Leu66Pro) in the third exon, an exon common to both procalcitonin and pro-a-CGRP. (b) Multiple methylation sites of CALCB promoter with a large area of CpG in the 5 end were found in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its paracancer (-17 bp, -36 bp, -54 bp, -60 bp, -67 bp, -161 bp, -170 bp, -172 bp, -213 bp, -217 bp, -221 bp, -225 bp, -227 bp, -247 bp, -278 bp, -286 bp, -346 bp, and -349 bp). Promoter polymorphisms of CALCB gene (rs11603873 T/C and rs79501047 A/G) are common in the Han population, and the rs11603873 C genotype has a high risk of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma compared with the rs11603873 T genotype.

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