Research Article
(–)-Epicatechin Alters Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Production Independent of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells
Figure 2
EPI dose-dependently impacts RONS production in vascular endothelial cells. (a) MitoSOX oxidation rates in HUVECs after 24 h EPI treatment and 30 minutes incubation with or without antimycin A. (b) Mean unnormalized MitoSOX oxidation rates measured in 30-second intervals over 30 minutes. (c) CellROX oxidation in HUVECs after 24 h EPI treatment. (d) DAF-FM oxidation in HUVECs after 24 h EPI treatment measured by flow cytometry. Data are of three independent repeats with two replicates per treatment. Statistical significance was tested for by a two-way ANOVA, with dose and antimycin A as factors: Significant main effect of dose; Significant main effect of AA (). and .
(a) |
(b) |
(c) |
(d) |