(–)-Epicatechin Alters Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Production Independent of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

<div>EPI does not directly affect mitochondrial bioenergetics. (a) Mitochondrial bioenergetics of HUVECs following 24 h EPI treatment (0, 5, and 10 <i>μ</i>M). (b) Coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. (c) Relative contribution of glycolytic (grey) and oxidative (black) ATP production to total ATP production rates. (d) Representative trace of oxygen consumption rates during the mitochondrial stress test. Data from 3 independent experiments are normalised to cell number (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.9413pt" id="M65" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 37.3068 11.9413" width="37.3068pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.145,0)"><path d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.682,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.922,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

fig4

Figure 4

Figure 4: (–)-Epicatechin Alters Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Production Independent of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells 

Figure 4 | (–)-Epicatechin Alters Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Production Independent of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells 