Cinnamaldehyde Mitigates Atherosclerosis Induced by High-Fat Diet via Modulation of Hyperlipidemia, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation
Table 1
Histological lesion scores of the heart in the normal diet, HFD-administered group, and HFD-administered group supplemented with cinnamaldehyde.
Histological changes
Score
Normal diet
High-fat diet
High-fat diet+cinnamaldehyde
Degenerated cardiac muscle with deposition of fat (intracytoplasmic fat vacuoles)
0
10 (100%)
1 (10%)
100 (100%)
I
—
1 (10%)
—
II
—
5 (50%)
—
III
—
3 (40%)
—
Arterial wall with fat deposition
0
10 (100%)
1 (10%)
8 (80%)
I
—
4 (40%)
2 (20%)
II
—
3 (30%)
—
III
—
2 (20%)
—
Mononuclear cellular infiltration
0
10 (100%)
1 (10%)
9 (90%)
I
—
3 (30%)
1 (10%)
II
—
3 (30%)
—
III
—
3 (30%)
—
Degenerated wall of congested artery, focal necrosis, and vacuoles in cardiomyocytes
0
10(100%)
—
10 (100%)
I
—
3 (30%)
—
II
—
3 (30%)
—
III
—
4 (40%)
—
Cardiac muscle degeneration with infiltration of inflammatory cells and myocytes that lost their striations and pyknotic nuclei
0
9 (90%)
—
10 (100%)
I
1 (10%)
2 (20%)
II
—
4 (40%)
—
III
—
4 (40%)
—
0: absence of lesion; I: mild; II: moderate; III: severe. The number of animals in each group is 10. The % in parentheses is the percent of animals in each grade.
