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Study type | Model/sample | Impact on PTEN | Additional signaling | Biological process | Ref. |
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In vivo | Female BALB/c mice/OVA-induced | Decreased PTEN expression and activity | Activated PI3K signaling | Increased bronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma | [28] |
In vivo | Female BALB/c mice/OVA-induced | PTEN expression increased by PPAR-γ | Reduced PI3K activity | Inhibited allergen-induced bronchial inflammation | [29] |
In vivo | Female C57BL/6 mice | Inhibited PTEN expression | Activated HIF-α and VEGF signaling | Increased inflammation and vascular permeability | [30] |
In vivo/in vitro | Female BALB/c mice/OVA-induced; A549 lung epithelial cell line | PTEN expression increased by dexamethasone treatment | Histone acetylation inhibition | Dexamethasone treatment upregulated PTEN and exhibited anti-inflammatory effect in asthma | [31] |
In vivo | Female BALB/c mice/OVA-induced | Decreased PTEN expression | | Promoted ASMC proliferation and airway tissue remodeling | [33] |
In vitro | Human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) | Overexpression of PTEN | Downregulated Akt and FAK signaling activity | Inhibited ASMC proliferation and migration | [34] |
In vitro | Human ASMCs | Overexpression of PTEN | Downregulated Akt signaling and cyclin D1 expression, upregulated p21 expression | Inhibited ASMC proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase | [35] |
In vivo/in vitro | Female BALB/c mice; mice Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs)/ TNF-α | Decreased PTEN expression | Increased CD38-mediated Ca2+/CREB signaling | Promoted ASMC proliferation and airway tissue remodeling | [36] |
In vitro | Mice airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs)/TNF-α | Inhibited PTEN expression | Increased Notch1 expression | Facilitated ASMC proliferation and migration | [37] |
In vivo/in vitro | Lung tissue specimens from asthma patients; bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) cells | Deregulated PTEN signaling | Increased miR-29a-3p and miR-92a-3p expression | Regulated cellular process in asthma | [38] |
In vitro | Human ASMCs/HMGB1 | Decreased PTEN expression | Activated the PI3K/Akt pathway and upregulated miR-19 | Promoted ASMC proliferation and migration | [39] |
In vitro | Human ASMCs/ TGF-β1 | Decreased PTEN expression | Activated the PI3K/Akt pathway and upregulated miR-19 | Induced ASMC proliferation and inhibited apoptosis | [40] |
In vitro | Mice airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs)/TGF-β1 | Decreased PTEN expression | Upregulated miR-181a and activated the Akt/mTOR pathway | Promoted airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and airway remodeling | [41] |
In vitro | Human ASMCs/miR-21 lentiviral vector | Decreased PTEN expression | Activated the PI3K/Akt pathway and upregulated miR-21 | Promoted ASMC proliferation and migration | [42] |
In vivo | Murine model of established allergic airway disease (AAD) | Inhibited PTEN expression | High levels of miR-21 enhanced the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppressed nuclear histone deacetylase (HDAC2)2 levels | Induced airway hyperresponsiveness in severe, steroid-insensitive asthma | [43] |
In vivo/in vitro | Female BALB/c mice; P815 cells | Suppressed PTEN expression | Increased miR-221 activated p38 and NF-κB signaling | Stimulated IL-4 secretion in mast cells | [44] |
In vivo/in vitro | Human bronchial biopsies from asthma patients; human ASMCs | Downregulated PTEN expression | Activated STAT3 and miR-21-5p | Induced ASMC remodeling | [45] |
In vitro | Human ASMCs | Suppressed PTEN expression | LncRNA-CASC7 levels were suppressed, and miR-21 levels were increased; the PI3K/Akt pathway was activated | Enhanced corticosteroid sensitivity in severe asthma | [46] |
In vivo/in vitro | Serum samples from asthma patients; human ASMCs | Suppressed PTEN expression | LncRNA-H19 levels were suppressed, and miR-21 levels were increased; the PI3K/Akt pathway activated | Promoted ASMC proliferation and migration | [47] |
In vitro | Human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) | PTEN expression was repressed by Bap treatment | Repressed FAK expression and activated the PI3K/Akt pathway | Induced bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis and cell injury | [48] |
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