|
Diseases | Drug candidates | Models/samples | Effect on PTEN and target | Pharmacological effects | Ref. |
|
Asthma | Resveratrol | Mouse/ovalbumin;16HBE cells | Restoration of PTEN expression and activation of SIRT1 | Airway inflammation and airway remodeling | [132] |
Asthma | Epigallo-catechin-3-gallate | Mouse/ovalbumin;16HBE cells/TGF-β1 | Upregulation of PTEN and inhibition of PI3K/Akt | Suppresses inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration; reduces airway remodeling by inhibiting EMT | [133] |
Asthma | Borneol | Mouse/ovalbumin | Downregulation of miR-26a and miR-142-3p to upregulate PTEN expression | CD4+ T cell infiltration and proliferation | [134] |
Asthma | α- and γ-mangostin | Mouse/ovalbumin | Upregulation of PTEN to suppress PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling | Reduces inflammatory cell recruitment into the airway, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and increased levels of Th2 cytokines | [135] |
Asthma | Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R.Br. | Mouse/ovalbumin | Downregulation of phosphorylated PTEN and Akt and upregulation of PPAR-γ | Reduces the levels of Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BALF and splenocytes and downregulates the IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, T-NF-α, and MUC5AC genes | [136] |
Fibrosis | Dasatinib | Mice/bleomycin | Upregulation of PTEN and inhibition of PDGFR-alpha; Src and c-Abl activation | Myofibroblast activation and collagen-1 accumulation | [105] |
Fibrosis | Unphosphorylated PTEN | H358 cells, fibroblast CC2512 cells and mouse primary lung fibroblasts/TGF-β1 | Restores the loss of PTEN activity | Reduces fibronectin expression and ECM production | [118] |
Fibrosis | Resveratrol | Normal and IPF-derived lung fibroblasts/TGF-β1 | Upregulation of PTEN and downregulation of p-ERK and Akt | Inhibits cell proliferation of both normal and IPF-derived fibroblasts, α-SMA expression, and intracellular collagen deposition | [137] |
Fibrosis | Prostaglandin E2 | Primary normal fetal lung fibroblasts IMR-90 | Increases PTEN activity and decreases p-Akt; downregulates survivin expression; increases Fas expression | Fibroblast apoptosis | [138] |
Fibrosis | Berberine | Mice/bleomycin | Upregulation of PTEN in the colon; activation of PPAR-γ | Promotes HGF expression in colonic fibroblasts, which arrive in the lungs to palliate IPF | [139] |
Fibrosis | Berberine | Wistar rats/bleomycin | Amplifies PTEN expression to inhibit FAK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling; inhibits p-Smad 2/3 and enhances Smad 7 expression | Inhibits fibrotic markers, α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagens I and III and reverses bleomycin-induced ultrastructural alterations in the lungs | [140] |
Inflammation | Coelonin | Raw264.7 cells/LPS | Upregulation of PTEN and inhibition of PTEN phosphorylation, resulting in suppressed NF-κB activation and p27kip1 degradation | Cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase | [141] |
Acute pulmonary embolism | Curcumin | Sprague–Dawley rats | Downregulation of miR-21 expression via inhibition of Sp1 to upregulate PTEN and impair the NF-κB signaling pathway | Reduces mPAP and RVSP levels, W/D ratio, thrombus volume, and inflammatory factors | [143] |
Pulmonary arterial hypertension | Cefminox | Primary rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs)/hypoxia | Upregulation of PTEN by inhibiting Akt/mTOR signaling and enhanced cAMP production | Inhibits growth of PASMCs as a dual agonist of prostacyclin receptor (IP) and PPAR-γ | [144] |
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) | 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine | Sprague–Dawley rats/hypoxia; PASMCs/hypoxia | Rescues the decreased PTEN expression by inhibiting hypermethylation | Proliferation, migration, and induction of apoptosis in PASMCs; pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy index in HPH | [146] |
Lung injury | miR-486 mimic | A549/PM2.5 | Negative regulation of PTEN and FOXO1 | Reduces cell apoptosis and ROS generation | [147] |
Lung injury by ischemia/reperfusion | miR-21-5p | Mice/(I/R); primary murine pulmonary endothelial cells/H/R | miR-21-5p targeting PTEN and PDCD4 | Reduces lung edema and dysfunction, M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines | [148] |
Lung injury | miR-371b-5p | A549 cells | Targets PTEN to inhibit phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream substrates, GSK3β and FOXOs | Augments ATIIC survival/proliferation, thereby promoting reepithelialization of injured alveoli | [149] |
Chronic lung injury | Resveratrol | Mouse/methamphetamine | Activation of Sirt1 to downregulate PTEN and upregulation of p-Akt | Reduces oxidative stress and reverses MA-induced higher permeability and apoptosis of alveolar epithelium | [150] |
Lung injury | Inhaled resveratrol | terc−/−F2 C57Bl/6J mice | Inactivates p-PTEN and activates p-Akt and p-Mdm2 via activation of SIRT1 | Maintaining AECII integrity and prevent deterioration of lung function | [151] |
Lung injury | Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol | C3H/HeJ mice/Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Posttranscriptional upregulation of PTEN via inhibition of miR-18a | Prevents SEB-induced mortality and alleviates symptoms of toxic shock | [152] |
|