Long Noncoding RNAs and Circular RNAs in the Metabolic Reprogramming of Lung Cancer: Functions, Mechanisms, and Clinical Potential

Table 1

List of lncRNAs and circRNAs that participate in lung cancer metabolic reprogramming.

Metabolism	lncRNA/circRNA	Deregulation	Target miRNA	Downstream component	Function	Reference
Glucose metabolism	ARHGAP10	↑	miR-150-5p	GLUT1	Enhances Warburg effect	[19]
	circMYLK	↑	miR-195-5p	GLUT3	Enhances Warburg effect	[20]
	circ_0008928	↑	miR-488	HK2	Enhances Warburg effect	[21]
	DUXAP8	↑	miR-409-3p	HK2, LDHA	Enhances Warburg effect	[22]
	IGFBP4-1	↑	—	HK2, LDHA, PDK1	Enhances Warburg effect	[23]
	circMAGI3	↑	miR-515-5p	HDGF	Enhances Warburg effect	[24]
	BCYRN1	↑	miR-149	PKM2	Enhances Warburg effect	[25]
	AC020978	↑	—	PKM2, HIF-1α	Enhances Warburg effect	[26]
	KIMAT1	↑	—	LDHB	Enhances Warburg effect	[27]
	CRYBG3	↑	—	LDHA	Enhances Warburg effect	[28]
	circAGFG1	↑	miR-28-5p	HIF-1α	Enhances Warburg effect	[29]
	circSLC25A16	↑	miR-488-3p	HIF-1α	Enhances Warburg effect	[30]
	LINC01123	↑	miR-199a-5p	c-Myc	Enhances Warburg effect	[31]
	circ-MEMO1	↑	miR-101-3p	KRAS	Enhances Warburg effect	[32]
	HOXA11-AS	↑	miR-3619-5p	SALL4	Enhances Warburg effect	[33]
	LINC00243	↑	miR-507	PDK4	Enhances Warburg effect	[34]
	ABHD11-AS1	↑	—	KLF4	Enhances Warburg effect	[35]
	AL355338	↑	—	ENO1	Enhances Warburg effect	[36]
	HOTAIRM1	↑	miR-498	ABCE1	Enhances Warburg effect	[37]
	LINC01537	↓	—	PDE2A	Inhibits aerobic glycolysis	[38]
	circDCUN1D4	↓	—	TXNIP	Inhibits aerobic glycolysis	[39]
	circ-ERBB2	↑	miR-7-5p	FOXM1	Enhances Warburg effect	[40]
	circTADA2A	↑	miR-455-3p	FOXM1	Enhances Warburg effect	[41]
	circ-PGC	↑	miR-532-3p	FOXR2	Enhances Warburg effect	[42]
	circPUM1	↑	miR-590-5p	METTL3	Enhances Warburg effect	[43]
	circ_0000517	↑	miR-330-5p	YY1	Enhances Warburg effect	[44]
	circ-PITX1	↑	miR-1248	CCND2	Enhances Warburg effect	[45]
	circ_0006677	↓	miR-578	SOCS2	Inhibits aerobic glycolysis	[46]
	circNFIX	↑	miR-212-3p	ADAM10	Enhances Warburg effect	[47]
	circ-ENO1	↑	miR-22-3p	ENO1	Enhances Warburg effect	[48]
Lipid metabolism	CTD-2245E15.3	↑	—	ACC1, PC	Enhances fatty acid synthesis and anaplerosis	[49]
	CCAT1	↑	—	FAS, ACC1, ACOX1, PDK1, CD36, VEGFA, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway	Enhances fatty acid synthesis	[50]
Glutamine metabolism	PVT1-5	↑	miR-126	SLC7A5	Promotes cell proliferation	[51]
	circ-LDLRAD3	↑	miR-137	SLC1A5	Promotes cell proliferation and mobility and supresses apoptosis	[52]
	MINCR	↑	miR-126	SLC7A5	Promotes cell proliferation and migration and suppresses apoptosis	[53]
	hsa_circRNA_103809	↑	miR-377-3p	GOT1	Increases cisplatin resistance	[54]
	circ_0003028	↑	miR-1298-5p	GOT2	Promotes cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion and suppresses apoptosis and autophagy	[55]

↑: upregulated; ↓: downregulated; ACC1: acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1; ACOX1: acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1; ADAM10: metalloprotease domain 10; CCND2: cyclin D2; circRNAs: circular RNAs; ENO1: α-enolase; FAS: fatty acid synthase; FOXM1: forkhead box M1; GOT1: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1; GOT2: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2; GLUT 1: glucose transporter member 1; GLUT 3: glucose transporter member 3; HDGF: hepatoma-derived growth factor; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HK2: hexokinase 2; KLF4: Krüppel-like factor 4; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; LDHB: lactate dehydrogenase B; lncRNAs: long noncoding RNAs; METTL3: methyltransferase like 3; PC: pyruvate carboxylase; PDK1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; PKM2: pyruvate kinase 2; PDK4: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; SALL4: Sal-like protein 4; SLC1A5: glutamine transporter solute carrier family A1 member 5; SLC7A5: glutamine transporter solute carrier family A7 member 5; TXNIP: thioredoxin-interacting protein; VEGFA: vascular endothelial growth factor A; YY1: Yin yang-1; ABCE1: ATP binding cassette subfamily E member 1; FOXR2: forkhead box R2; PDE2A: phosphodiesterase 2A.