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Plant | Extract | Neuroprotective outcomes | Study model | Reference |
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Panax ginseng | Root extracts | Reduced Aβ formation and aggregation, inhibited AChE, restored synaptophysin and ChAT activity, and decreased Aβ formation and aggregation | In vitro, in vivo | [151–157] |
Ginkgo biloba | Leaf extract | Scavenged free radicals, averted the mitochondrial malfunction, activated the JNK and ERK pathways, and blocked neuronal death | In vivo | [158–160] |
Pistacia vera | Kernel | Improved cognitive and motor deficits caused by inhibited cisplatin or vincristine | In vivo | [161] |
Phyllanthus emblica | Ethanol extract | Improved learning, memory, and antioxidant potential; inhibited AChE activity | In vivo | [162] |
Hibiscus sabdariffa | Anthocyanin-enriched extracts | Reduced memory impairment by decreasing STZ-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis | In vitro, In vivo | [163] |
Spirulina maxima | Ethanol extract | Reduced hippocampus Aβ1–42, APP, and BACE1 expression levels, which reduced AChE activity; lowered hippocampal OS, and elevated BDNF levels | In vivo | [164–166] |
Ishige foliacea | Phlorotannin-rich fraction | Lowered brain AChE activity, reduced OS, and activated the ERK-BDNF-CREB signaling pathway | In vivo | [167] |
Juglans regia | Defatted protein | Lowered proinflammatory cytokine expression and AChE levels, extensively restored antioxidant enzyme levels and reduced NF-κB expression | In vivo | [168–172] |
Almond (Prunus dulcis) | Paste | Reduced AChE activity, lowered cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increased brain tryptophan monoamine levels and serotonergic turnover, and improved learning and memory. | In vivo | [173–176] |
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) | Kernel | Improved memory, reduced anxiety, and lowered neuroinflammation and apoptosis | In vivo | [173, 177, 178] |
Vitis vinifera | Juice, polyphenolic extract | Exhibited antioxidant, antineuroinflammatory, and antiamnesic properties and inhibited Aβ aggregation | In vivo | [179–184] |
Oryza sativa | Dietary supplement | Reduced hippocampal AChE activity and lipid peroxidation products | In vivo | [185] |
Zingiber officinale | Root extract | Acted as AChE inhibitor, suppressed lipid peroxidation, caused NMDA receptor overstimulation, and inhibited the generation of free radicals | In vivo | [186, 187] |
Benincasa hispida | Aqueous extract | Prevented substance P (SP) formation, as were antioxidant scavenging effects. | In vivo | [188] |
Fuzhisan | Herbal complex | Exhibited antiapoptosis and anti-Aβ buildup activity, increased ACh concentrations, and provided neurotrophic benefits | In vivo | [189–192] |
Bojungikgi-tang | Herbal formula | Prevented the accumulation and Aβ peptide expression, NeuN, and BDNF in the hippocampus by inhibiting the aggregation of Aβ, enhanced BACE activity in vivo, and increased antioxidant action | In vitro, in vivo | [193] |
Pistacia integerrima | Gall extracts | Exhibited cholinesterase inhibitory and free radical scavenging activity | In vitro | [194] |
Phyllanthus acidus | Methanol extract | Increased brain antioxidant enzymes, improved cognitive functioning, and reduced OS | In vitro | [195] |
Hedera nepalensis | Crude extract | Increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels | In vivo | [196] |
Thalassospira profundimaris | Crude extract | Preserved the synaptic structure and prevented cell cycle-related neuron death | In vitro, in vivo | [197] |
Eisenia bicycles | Methanol extract | Attenuated OS and reduced neuronal cell death | In vitro | [198] |
Curcuma longa | Ethanol extract | Reduced CeCl3-induced OS, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and inhibited AChE activity | In vitro, in vivo | [108, 199–205] |
Allium sativum | Aged garlic extract | Reduced microglial activation and IL-1 levels and the inflammatory response and reduced psychological stress via modulating stress hormones and the OS response in the brain | In vivo | [206–209] |
Momordica charanti | Dried and ground fruit | Reduced gliosis, oligomeric Aβ levels, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal death; increased synaptic-related protein and pS9-GSK3b expression levels | In vitro, in vivo | [188, 210] |
Bacopa monnieri | Extract | Reduced cholinergic degeneration, improved cognition, and suppressed AChE activity | In vivo | [211–216] |
Viscum album | Extract | Significantly raised serum BDNF levels and reduced AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity | In vitro, in vivo | [217] |
Pistacia atlantica | Ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts | Inhibitory action of AChE | In vitro | [218] |
Nardostachys jatamansi | Ethanol extract | Inhibited cell death caused by Aβ | In vitro, in vivo | [219, 220] |
Phyllanthus amarus, Cynodon dactylon | Methanol extract | Increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and NADH dehydrogenase levels | In vivo | [221] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | Root extract | Inhibited OS and the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, inhibited production of NO and iNOS expression, induced neuron cell development in rat mesenchymal stem cells, and enhanced the differentiation ability of iPSCs and the survival and neuronal maturation of iPSC-derived neurons transplanted | In vitro, in vivo | [222–225] |
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