Bioactive Compounds and Their Derivatives: An Insight into Prospective Phytotherapeutic Approach against Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 1

Neuroprotective status of some plant-based natural products, extracts, and mixtures.

Plant	Extract	Neuroprotective outcomes	Study model	Reference
Panax ginseng	Root extracts	Reduced Aβ formation and aggregation, inhibited AChE, restored synaptophysin and ChAT activity, and decreased Aβ formation and aggregation	In vitro, in vivo	[151–157]
Ginkgo biloba	Leaf extract	Scavenged free radicals, averted the mitochondrial malfunction, activated the JNK and ERK pathways, and blocked neuronal death	In vivo	[158–160]
Pistacia vera	Kernel	Improved cognitive and motor deficits caused by inhibited cisplatin or vincristine	In vivo	[161]
Phyllanthus emblica	Ethanol extract	Improved learning, memory, and antioxidant potential; inhibited AChE activity	In vivo	[162]
Hibiscus sabdariffa	Anthocyanin-enriched extracts	Reduced memory impairment by decreasing STZ-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis	In vitro, In vivo	[163]
Spirulina maxima	Ethanol extract	Reduced hippocampus Aβ1–42, APP, and BACE1 expression levels, which reduced AChE activity; lowered hippocampal OS, and elevated BDNF levels	In vivo	[164–166]
Ishige foliacea	Phlorotannin-rich fraction	Lowered brain AChE activity, reduced OS, and activated the ERK-BDNF-CREB signaling pathway	In vivo	[167]
Juglans regia	Defatted protein	Lowered proinflammatory cytokine expression and AChE levels, extensively restored antioxidant enzyme levels and reduced NF-κB expression	In vivo	[168–172]
Almond (Prunus dulcis)	Paste	Reduced AChE activity, lowered cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increased brain tryptophan monoamine levels and serotonergic turnover, and improved learning and memory.	In vivo	[173–176]
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana)	Kernel	Improved memory, reduced anxiety, and lowered neuroinflammation and apoptosis	In vivo	[173, 177, 178]
Vitis vinifera	Juice, polyphenolic extract	Exhibited antioxidant, antineuroinflammatory, and antiamnesic properties and inhibited Aβ aggregation	In vivo	[179–184]
Oryza sativa	Dietary supplement	Reduced hippocampal AChE activity and lipid peroxidation products	In vivo	[185]
Zingiber officinale	Root extract	Acted as AChE inhibitor, suppressed lipid peroxidation, caused NMDA receptor overstimulation, and inhibited the generation of free radicals	In vivo	[186, 187]
Benincasa hispida	Aqueous extract	Prevented substance P (SP) formation, as were antioxidant scavenging effects.	In vivo	[188]
Fuzhisan	Herbal complex	Exhibited antiapoptosis and anti-Aβ buildup activity, increased ACh concentrations, and provided neurotrophic benefits	In vivo	[189–192]
Bojungikgi-tang	Herbal formula	Prevented the accumulation and Aβ peptide expression, NeuN, and BDNF in the hippocampus by inhibiting the aggregation of Aβ, enhanced BACE activity in vivo, and increased antioxidant action	In vitro, in vivo	[193]
Pistacia integerrima	Gall extracts	Exhibited cholinesterase inhibitory and free radical scavenging activity	In vitro	[194]
Phyllanthus acidus	Methanol extract	Increased brain antioxidant enzymes, improved cognitive functioning, and reduced OS	In vitro	[195]
Hedera nepalensis	Crude extract	Increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels	In vivo	[196]
Thalassospira profundimaris	Crude extract	Preserved the synaptic structure and prevented cell cycle-related neuron death	In vitro, in vivo	[197]
Eisenia bicycles	Methanol extract	Attenuated OS and reduced neuronal cell death	In vitro	[198]
Curcuma longa	Ethanol extract	Reduced CeCl3-induced OS, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and inhibited AChE activity	In vitro, in vivo	[108, 199–205]
Allium sativum	Aged garlic extract	Reduced microglial activation and IL-1 levels and the inflammatory response and reduced psychological stress via modulating stress hormones and the OS response in the brain	In vivo	[206–209]
Momordica charanti	Dried and ground fruit	Reduced gliosis, oligomeric Aβ levels, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal death; increased synaptic-related protein and pS9-GSK3b expression levels	In vitro, in vivo	[188, 210]
Bacopa monnieri	Extract	Reduced cholinergic degeneration, improved cognition, and suppressed AChE activity	In vivo	[211–216]
Viscum album	Extract	Significantly raised serum BDNF levels and reduced AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity	In vitro, in vivo	[217]
Pistacia atlantica	Ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts	Inhibitory action of AChE	In vitro	[218]
Nardostachys jatamansi	Ethanol extract	Inhibited cell death caused by Aβ	In vitro, in vivo	[219, 220]
Phyllanthus amarus, Cynodon dactylon	Methanol extract	Increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and NADH dehydrogenase levels	In vivo	[221]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Root extract	Inhibited OS and the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, inhibited production of NO and iNOS expression, induced neuron cell development in rat mesenchymal stem cells, and enhanced the differentiation ability of iPSCs and the survival and neuronal maturation of iPSC-derived neurons transplanted	In vitro, in vivo	[222–225]