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Organ | Mechanism | Molecular foundation | Ref |
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Liver | Iron overload-induced toxicity | Iron distribution disorder: iron in hepatocytes is excreted into adjacent HSCs through extracellular vesicles. | [46] |
Iron overload promotes ferroptosis in hepatocytes by inducing HO-1 overexpression. | [55] |
Trf-TFR1 mediates iron accumulation and causes ferroptosis in hepatocytes. | [57] |
Zip14-mediated accumulation of NTBI causes ferroptosis in hepatocytes with a Trf deficiency. | [57] |
Hepatic stellate cell activation | The RNA-binding protein ELAVL1/HuR induces HSC ferroptosis by regulating the autophagy pathway. | [58] |
The RNA-binding protein ZFP36/TTP protects against ferroptosis by regulating the autophagy signaling pathway in HSCs. | [86] |
Artemether ameliorates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation via p53-dependent ferroptosis. | [60] |
Artesunate ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by mediating HSC ferritinophagy. | [64] |
Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation via HO-1-mediated ferroptosis. | [65] |
Sorafenib attenuates liver fibrosis by triggering hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis via the HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway. | [120] |
Wogonoside alleviates liver fibrosis by inducing SOCS1/P53/SLC7A11-mediated HSC ferroptosis. | [122] |
The BRD7-P53-SLC25A28 axis plays an important role in the ferroptosis of HSCs. | [67] |
Activation of inflammation | Ferroptotic cells release DAMPs to exacerbate tissue inflammation and fibrosis. | [44] |
Lung | Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation | GPX4 inhibits and upregulates TGF-β signaling to promote pulmonary fibrosis. | [76] |
Erastin promotes fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation by increasing lipid peroxidation and inhibiting GPX4 expression. | [77] |
Oxidative damage | Liproxstatin-1 activates the Nrf2 pathway by weakening TGF-β expression to attenuate RILF. | [81] |
DHQ exerts antifibrotic effects by inhibiting ferroptosis through the downregulation of LC3 and upregulation of FTH1 and NCOA4 in activated HBE cells. | [101] |
Activation of inflammation | Accumulating inflammatory macrophages induce AT2 cell ferroptosis via the ALOX5-LTB4-ACSL4 axis. | [91] |
Kidney | Activation of inflammation | Ferroptotic cells release profibrotic factors (TGF-β, CTGF, and PDGF). | [105] |
Accumulation of proinflammatory PT cells significantly downregulates GSH to increase inflammation and fibrosis. | [106] |
Tectorigenin alleviates fibrosis by inhibiting ferroptosis in TECs through the Smad3-NOX4 pathway. | [46] |
Heart | Oxidative damage | MLK3-JNK/p53 pathway-mediated oxidative stress and ferroptosis cause myocardial fibrosis. | [111] |
Astragaloside IV inhibits adriamycin-induced cardiac ferroptosis by enhancing Nrf2 signaling. | [113] |
Elabela antagonizes ferroptosis by regulating the IL-6/STAT3/GPX4 signaling pathway to prevent adverse myocardial remodeling. | [112] |
Submandibular gland | Activation of inflammation | Ferroptotic cells accelerate salivary gland fibrosis by secreting IL-1 and TNF-α. | [118] |
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