Study Species (sex; ), age/weight Model Experimental group Control group Administration/duration Outcomes Intergroup differences Establish Modeling standard Han et al., 2019 db/db mice (male, 6/6), 8 weeks/NM Spontaneous diabetes NM Regular diet supplemented with artemether, 670 mg/kg/d Regular diet By free access to the diets, 12 weeks (1) Protein excretion (2) Body weight (3) FPG (4) Catalase↓ (5) SOD2↓ (6) PGC-1α ↑ (7) PDK1↑ (8) PDH↑ (9) MPC2↑ (10) MPC1↑ (11) PDP1↑ (12) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Liang et al., 2020 (A) SD rats (male, 20/10), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (60 mg/kg) Artesunate, 50, 100 mg/kg/d Same volume of NS By intragastric, 3 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) KI (4) TGF-β 1↓ (5) SMAD↓ (6) AMPK↑ (7) LC3 II↑ (8) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Liang et al., 2020 (B) SD rats (male, 31/10), 8 weeks/200-220 g SIJ STZ (55 mg/kg) ; Dihydroartemisinin, 10, 20, 40 g/kg/d Same volume of NS By intragastric, 8 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Microalbuminuria (4) Body weight (5) TGF-β 1↓ (6) SMAD3↓ (7) p- SMAD3↓ (8) Fibronectin↓ (9) E-cadherin↑ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Lin, 2018 SD rats (male, 30/10), NM/180-220 g Artemisinin suspended in 0.5% sodium CMC, 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/d NS, 10 ml/kg/d By intragastric, 12 weeks (1) Proteinuria (2) Body weight (3) FPG (4) KI (5) TGF-β 1↓ (6) RhoA↓ (7) ROCK1↓ (8) α -SMA↓ (9) E-cadherin↑ (10) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Nie et al., 2015 (A) SD rats (male, 18/6), 6–8 weeks/180-220 g (40 mg/kg) ; of the original volume; Artesunate, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg/d NM By intragastric, 8 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Proteinuria (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) MCP-1↓ (8) TNF-α ↓ (9) TLR4↓ (10) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Nie et al., 2015 (B) SD rats (male, 18/6), 6–8 weeks/180-220 g (40 mg/kg) ; of the original volume; Artesunate, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg/d NM By intragastric, 8 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Proteinuria (4) FPG (5) MCP-1↓ (6) TNF-α ↓ (7) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Nie et al., 2015 (C) SD rats (male, 16/8), 6–8 weeks/180-220 g (30 mg/kg) ; of the original volume; Artesunate, 10 and 30 mg/kg/d NS, 10 mg/kg/d By intragastric, 12 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Proteinuria (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) IL-8↓ (8) TLR4↓ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Tan, 2014 SD rats (male,20/10), NM/NM Artesunate, 25 and 50 mg/kg/d Same volume of distilled water By intragastric, 6 weeks (1) Microalbuminuria (2) FPG (3) KI (4) TGF-β 1↓ (5) CTGF↓ (6) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Wang et al., 2019 C57BL/6J mice (male,6/6), 7-8 weeks/22-26 g Continuous intraperitoneal injections STZ (55 mg/kg) NM Regular diet supplemented with artemether, 670 mg/kg/d Regular diet By free access to the diets, 8 weeks (1) Protein excretion (2) FPG (3) p-p27kip ↓ (4) p-MEK1/2↓ (5) p-Erk1/2↓ (6) p-Akt↓ (7) p-mTOR↓ (8) p70S6K↓ (9) S6RP↓ (10) Catalase↑ (11) SOD2↑ (12) PDK1↓ (13) PGC-1α ↑ (14) MPC1↑ (15) PDH↑ (16) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) Xiang et al., 2019 SD rats (male, 6/6), NM/250-300 g SIJ STZ (60 mg/kg) ; of the original volume; before modelingArtemisinin, 300 mg/kg/d Same volume of NS By intragastric, 4 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Proteinuria (4) FPG (5) ID1↓ (6) IGFBP1↑ (7) Cdkn1a↓ (8) HMGCS2↓ (9) Rarres2↓ (10) Sult1a1↑ (11) Pigr↑ (12) Steap4↑ (13) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Yang and Zhang, 2017 Wistar rats (male, 40/20), NM/200-260 g (30 mg/kg)Artesunate, 10 and 30 mg/kg/d NS, 1 ml/kg/d By intragastric, 8 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Proteinuria (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) IL-8↓ (8) TLR4↓ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Zhang et al., 2014 (A) SD rats (male, 6/6), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (65 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in DMSO, 75 mg/kg/d Same volume of DMSO By SIJ, 6 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Protein excretion (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) PDGF-B↓ (8) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Zhang et al., 2014 (B) SD rats (male, 6/6), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (65 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in DMSO, 75 mg/kg/d Same volume of DMSO By SIJ, 6 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Protein excretion (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) PKC↓ (8) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Zhang et al., 2014 (C) SD rats (male, 6/6), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (65 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in DMSO, 75 mg/kg/d Same volume of DMSO By SIJ, 6 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Protein excretion (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) MMP-2↑ (8) TIMP-2↓ (9) Fibronectin↓ (10) Col4A1↓ (11) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Zhang et al., 2020 SD rats (male, 33/10), 5-6 weeks/160-200 g SIJ STZ (55 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in 0.5% sodium CMC, 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/d Same volume of 0.5% SCC By intragastric, 8 weeks (1) Bun (2) SCr (3) Protein excretion (4) Body weight (5) FPG (6) KI (7) TGF-β 1↓ (8) Nrf2↑ (9) HO-1↑ (10) NQO-1↑ (11) MDA↓ (12) T-SOD↑ (13) GSH-Px↑ (14) Renal pathology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Zhou et al., 2014 (A) SD rats (male, 5/5), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (65 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in DMSO, 300 mg/kg/d Same volume of DMSO By SIJ, 4 weeks (1) AP-1↓ (2) Renal pathology (1) Zhou et al., 2014 (B) SD rats (male, 5/5), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (65 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in DMSO, 300 mg/kg/d Same volume of DMSO By SIJ, 4 weeks (1) c-Jun↓ (2) c-Fos↓ (3) Renal pathology (1) (2) Zhou et al., 2014 (C) SD rats (male, 5/5), NM/180-220 g SIJ STZ (65 mg/kg) Artemisinin suspended in DMSO, 300 mg/kg/d Same volume of DMSO By SIJ, 4 weeks (1) NF-κ B↓ (2) Renal pathology (1)