Protective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives for Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Animal Models
Table 2
Subgroup analyses in the association of BUN and SCr with the ex ante parameters.
Comparison
Subgroup
No. of studies
SMD [95% CI]
for meta-analysis
for heterogeneity
BUN
Modeling methods
STZ
7
-2.76 [-4.09, -1.43]
<0.0001
84%
<0.00001
4
-4.49 [-5.18, -3.80]
<0.00001
0%
0.98
Artemisinins types
Artesunate
5
-3.74 [-5.42, -2.06]
<0.0001
89%
<0.00001
Dihydroartemisinin
1
-0.90 [-1.65, -0.16]
0.02
/
/
Artemisinin
5
-5.43 [-8.42, -2.44]
0.0004
88%
<0.00001
Route of administration
By intragastric
8
-2.82 [-4.00, -1.64]
<0.00001
89%
<0.00001
By SIJ
3
-9.26 [-11.97, -6.54]
<0.00001
0%
0.63
Duration of treatment
≤8 weeks
10
-3.64 [-4.98, -2.31]
<0.00001
90%
<0.00001
>8 weeks
1
-4.32 [-5.90, -2.74]
<0.00001
/
/
SCr
Modeling methods
STZ
7
-2.69 [-3.90, -1.47]
<0.0001
81%
<0.0001
4
-2.83 [-3.35, -2.31]
<0.00001
0%
0.73
Artemisinins types
Artesunate
5
-2.53 [-3.23, -1.83]
<0.00001
55%
0.06
Dihydroartemisinin
1
-0.65 [-1.37, -0.08]
0.08
/
/
Artemisinin
5
-4.16 [-6.21, -2.10]
<0.0001
78%
0.001
Route of administration
By intragastric
8
-2.20 [-2.90, -1.50]
<0.00001
74%
0.003
By SIJ
3
-6.10 [-9.01, -3.20]
<0.0001
56%
0.10
Duration of treatment
≤8 weeks
10
-2.76 [-3.66, -1.86]
<0.00001
80%
<0.00001
>8 weeks
1
-2.48 [-3.63, -1.34]
<0.0001
/
/
Abbreviations: BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CI: confidence interval; HFD: high-fat diet; SCr: serum creatinine; SIJ: single intraperitoneal injection; SMD: standard mean difference; STZ: streptozotocin.
