Pesticide Cell type/model system Concentration/dose Oxidative stress markers Reference Carbaryl Cantareus apertus (digestive gland)1 μ M Increased lipid peroxidation, increased activities of CAT, SOD, GPx, and GR, and decreased total oxyradical scavenging capacity [275 ] Calothrix brevissima 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L Increased lipid peroxidation and increased SOD, CAT, and APX activities [276 ] Caenorhabditis elegans 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM Decreased SOD activity and increased CAT and GPx activities [277 ] Mouse neuroblastoma cells (neuro 2A) 10 μ M Increased ROS level, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased proapoptotic gene Bax and caspase-3 expression, and decreased antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 expression [278 ] Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells 100 μ g/mL Increased lipid peroxidation, increased SOD activity, decreased GSH content, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential [279 ] Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis ) 1 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, increased activities of GPx, GR, GST, SOD, and CAT, and decreased GSH level [280 ] Permethrin (PER) Rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) PER (10 μ M) Increased apoptosis, protein carbonyl, and conjugated diene formation in lipids [69 ] PER metabolites (3-PBAlc, PBAld, and 3-PBA) (10 μ M) Increased apoptosis, protein carbonyl, and conjugated diene formation in lipids [69 ] Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells PER (10, 20, and 30 mg/L) PER induced enantioselective oxidative stress and cytotoxicity [281 ] 1R-trans -PER (10, 20, and 30 mg/L) Increased ROS generation and MDA level and decreased the activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH [281 ] 1S-trans -PER (10, 20, and 30 mg/L) The toxic effect on PC12 cells induced by 1R-trans- PER was approximately 1.6 times higher than by 1S-cis -PER [281 ] Thymic cells from C57BL/6 mice PER (150, 300, 600, and 1000 μ M Induced O2 •− and H2 O2 [282 ] Lindane (37.5, 50, 75, 150, and 200 μ M) PER and lindane mixtures increased SOD activity, had no effect on CAT levels, and inhibited GPx and GSH-R-specific activities [282 ] Wistar rats 34.05 mg/kg Increased Nurr-1, Nrf2, and NF-κ B p65 mRNA levels in the cerebellum [91 ] Wistar rats 34.05 mg/kg Increased plasma lipid peroxidation [92 ] Male and female 500-day-old rats 4 mL/kg Increased calcium and Nrf2 gene expression levels in old age [134 ] Cypermethrin Wistar rats 25 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, increased plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and increased 8-NO2 Gua levels [44 ] Wistar rats 1.5–15 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation [283 ] Deltamethrin Sprague–Dawley rats (hippocampi) 3.125 mg/kg and 12.50 mg/kg Increased reactive free radical formation in the brain, increased nuclear Nrf2 expression, and increased HO-1 mRNA levels [136 ] Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells 10, 100 μ M Increased intracellular ROS production [136 ] Male Wistar rats 6.25 mg/kg Decreased CAT activity, SOD activity, and GPx activity. Increased lipid peroxidation [63 ] Bifenthrin Human colon carcinoma (HCT116) cell 1/4 IC50, 1/2 IC50, 3/4 IC50, and IC50 Increased ROS production levels, increased lipid peroxidation, increased DNA damage, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased caspase-3 activity and MAPK activation [284 ] Male ICR mice 1S-cis -BF (5 mg/kg) Increased hepatic ROS level, increased serum and hepatic lipid peroxidation, decreased GSH activity, increased CAT activity, increased SOD activity, and increased Cat and Ho-1 mRNA levels [285 ] Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) 15, 30 μ M Increased apoptosis [286 ] Zebrafish 15, 30 μ M Increased intestinal ROS level [286 ] 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) Human erythrocytes 250, 500 ppm Decreased GSH level [287 ] Human erythrocytes 2.0 mM, 4.0 mM Increased lipid peroxidation [288 ] Ramalina fraxinea 20, 50, 100 mg/L Increased lipid peroxidation [289 ] Malathion Thymic cells from C57BL/6 mice 37.5, 75, 150, 300 μ M Induced O2 •− and H2 O2 [282 ] Rat erythrocytes 0.13 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, increased SOD and CAT activities, and increased total-SH content [146 ] Male Wistar rats (cortex, striatum, cerebellum, hippocampus) 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, increased protein carbonylation, increased/decreased CAT activity, and increased/decreased SOD activity [290 ] Prepubertal male mice 200 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, increased ROS level, decreased SH group, reduced CAT and GPx activities in the liver and kidney, decreased total SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Mn-SOD activities in the liver, and decreased total SOD and Mn-SOD activities in the kidney [291 ] Male Swiss mice 500 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, increased ROS level, increased SH group content, and increased testicular activities of SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD, and CAT [292 ] Male Wistar rats 250 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased testicular total antioxidant capacity [293 ] Male Swiss albino mice 27 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, decreased testicular activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx, and decreased GSH level [294 ] Wistar male rats 250 mg/kg Increased 8-hydroxy-2 [295 ] Sprague Dawley rats 200 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation, increased NO level, and decreased GSH level [296 ] Human liver carcinoma cell (HepG2) 6–24 mM Increased lipid peroxidation and increased oxidative DNA damage [297 ] Porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes 750 and 1000 μ M Increased ROS level, increased lipid peroxidation, increased protein carbonylation, increased Cu/Zn-SOD, GST, and G6PD expression levels, and decreased CAT and GPx expression levels [298 ] Male Wistar rats 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg Increased mitochondrial superoxide production in the hippocampus, increased lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and striatum, and decreased complex IV activity in the hippocampus [299 ] Rohu (Labeo rohita) liver 5 μ g/L Increased intracellular ROS level, increased lipid peroxidation, increased activities of CAT, SOD, POD, GSH, GR, GST, and GPx, and increased DNA damage [300 ] Human erythrocytes 25, 75, 200 μ M Increased lipid peroxidation, decreased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities [301 ] Female Wistar rats (ovary) 50 mg/kg Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased GSH content [302 ] Allium cepa 0.05, 0.13, 0.26, 0.39, and 0.52 g/L Increased lipid peroxidation, increased CAT, GST, and SOD activities, decreased APX and GR activities, and increased DNA damage [303 ] Male Kunming mice 10−5 M Increased lipid peroxidation, increased •OH level, decreased SOD, GPx, and CAT activities, decreased GSH content, and increased levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 in splenic T cells [250 ]
