Artemisia spp.: An Update on Its Chemical Composition, Pharmacological and Toxicological Profiles

Figure 2

Illustrative scheme with the most representative pharmacological properties of bioactives of Artemisia spp. and their potential mechanisms of action. ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH: glutathione; MEK/ERK: mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4; AchE: acetylcholinesterase; MAO: monoamine oxidase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PKC: protein kinase C; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase; ALT: alanine transaminase; TTG: tissue transglutaminase antibody.