Artemisia spp.: An Update on Its Chemical Composition, Pharmacological and Toxicological Profiles

Table 3

Preclinical pharmacological studies of different Artemisia species.

Extract/compound	Doses	In vitro/in vivo	Route of administration/assay	Model/cells	Activity	Potential effect	Reference
A. nilagirica/ethanolic extracts	500 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Rats	Antiulcer	Gastroprotective, ↑proteins of mucus content	[123, 124]
A. nilagirica/methanolic extract	150–250 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Swiss albino mice		Gastroprotective compared to standard drug vincristine	[125]
A. absinthium, A. vulgaris/flowers/methanolic extract	62.5, 125, 250, 500 μg/mL	In vitro	MTT	MCF7 cells	Anticancer	↑cytotoxicity –500 μg/mL	[126]
A. nilagirica/ethyl acetate, hexane fractions	100 μg/mL	In vitro	SRB	DLD-1 cells		↑cytotoxicity –23.4 μg/mL	[127]
A. vulgaris/leaves/methanolic extract	0.01–1.0 mg /mL	In vitro	MTT	Hepatocellular carcinoma cells		↑apoptosis	[15]
A. absinthium/methanolic extract	20, 25 g/mL	In vitro	MTT	MCF-7 MDA-MB231		↑cancer cells suppression	[108, 128]
A. armeniaca/CH2Cl2 fraction	6.25–200 μg/mL	In vitro	MTS	Apoptosis-proficient HL60 apoptosis-resistant K562		HL-60: , K562:	[129]
A. dracunculus/aerial parts, roots/ethanol, aqueous extracts	250 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	STZ-induced diabetic rats	Antidiabetic	↓TGL, ↓LDL, ↓HDL	[14]
A. dracunculus L. (PMI 5011)/ethanolic extract	PMI 5011 (1%)	In vivo	Diet	KK-A^y mice		↑sensitivity of insulin, ↑insulin receptor signaling	[130, 131]
A. sieberi (A. herba-alba)/aqueous extracts	0.39 g/kg	In vivo	Orally	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats		↓blood glucose, ↑RBC, ↑WBC, ↑PCV, ↑ESR, ↑neutrophils, ↓heart rate	[132]
A. persica/aqueous, methanolic extracts	300, 400, 500 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Sprague-Dawley rats	Antihypertensive	↓systolic blood pressure in normotensive/hypertensive rats	[133]
A. absinthium/aqueous extract	50, 100, 200 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Kunming mice, NIH mice	Hepatoprotective	↓inflammatory cells, ↓liver lipid peroxidation, ↑SOD, ↑GPx	[134]
A. vulgaris/aerial parts/crude extract	150, 300, 600 mg/kg	In vivo	i.p.	Balb-C mice		↑liver structure, ↓parenchyma congestion, ↓cellular swelling, ↓apoptotic cells	[16]
A. nilagirica/leaf extracts	32–512 μg/mL	In vitro	Agar disk diffusion method	15 bacterial strains	Antibacterial	Methanol, hexane extracts, ↑inhibition against phytopathogens	[135]
A. herba- alba, A. judaica, A. monosperma/EO	10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.0, 0.5 μL/disc	In vitro	Agar disc diffusion method.	Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922		A. judaica, A. monosperma plants had the highest MIC	[136]
A. judaica/ethanol extract	250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 μg/mL	In vitro	(mic90) growth inhibition	Protozoan parasite (blastocystis)	Antiprotozoal	, ↓growth, ↑destruction of blastocystis	[137]
A. nilagirica/EO	0.33 μL/mL	In vitro	Inverted petri plate technique	A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus	Antifungal	, ↓fungal growth, ↓mycotoxin secretion, ↓aflatoxigenic, ↓ochratoxigenic strains	[138]
A. annua/leaves/EO ethanolic extract	ethanol	In vivo	i.p.	Wistar rats	Antidepressant	↑immobility time in the FST, ↓other activities in the OFT depressors of SNC	[139]
A. absinthium/aerial parts/methanolic extract	125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg	In vivo	i.p.	Swiss albino mice		↓immobility period in the fst and tst.dose-dependent antidepressant activity	[140, 141]
A. vulgaris/leaves/methanolic extract	50, 100, 300 mg/kg	In vivo	i.p.	Swiss albino mice	Antiepileptic	Anticonvulsant activities were noticed using EPM and MBT	[18]
A. capillaris/herba/ethanolic extract	50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Mice		Anticonvulsivant effect through the GABA-ergic neuron	[142]
A. nilagirica/leaves/ethanolic, aqueous extracts	100, 200 mg/kg	In vivo	i.p.	Swiss albino mice	Anti-Alzheimer	Confirmation of the anti-Alzheimer’s activity of ethanol extract after object recognition and y-maze tests	[143]
A. nilagirica/leaves/ethanolic, aqueous extracts	100, 200 mg/kg	In vivo	i.p.	Swiss albino mice	Anti-Parkinson	↓catalepsy score in animals treated with ethanolic extract, ↑locomotor activity, ↑rotarod readings	[143]
A. annua/aqueous, ethanolic extracts	2 g/L	In vitro	ABTS, ORAC, FRAP	—	Antioxidant	↑protection against the oxidative deterioration of oil-in-water emulsion	[144]
A. dracunculus L./leaves/methanolic extract	20 μL	In vitro	DPPH	—		↑antioxidant activity by phenolics	[13]
A. nilagirica/leaves/ethanolic, aqueous extracts	50–250 μg/mL	In vitro	DPPH	—		Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract	[143]
A. scoparia, A. spicigera/methanolic extracts	0.25; 0.125; 0.0625; 0.0312; 0.0156; 0.0078; 0.0039; 0.0019; 0.0009; 0.00048 mg/mL	In vitro	DPPH	—		↑free radical scavenging activity , 0.0456 mg/mL	[145]
A. nilagirica/EO	10; 8.6; 6.5; 6.5; 3.3; 2.5; 2 μg/mL	In vitro	Method recommended by WHO	Aedes albopictus mosquito	Insecticidal		[146]
A. nilagirica/EO, chloroform, petroleum ether methanolic extracts	—	In vitro	Method recommended by WHO	Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae		The EO of A. nilagirica was the most effective larvicide against A. stephensi larvae	[147]
A. aucheri/methanolic extract	25, 50, 100 mg/mL	In vitro	Scolicidal tests	Echinococcus granulosus		↓effect on the protoscolices of hydatid cysts	[148]
A. vulgaris/ethanolic extract	1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ppm	In vitro	Method recommended by WHO	Aedes aegypti		in 1 h and 18.6 ppm in 24 h, ↓ A. aegypti in various stages of its lifecycle	[19]
A. scoparia, A. spicigera/n-hexane, DCM, MeOH extracts	20, 40, 80 mg/mL	In vitro	Toxicity bioassay	Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle)		Insecticidal properties, ↑activity of DCM extract	[145]
A. scoparia/butanol fraction	20 mg/site	In vivo	Topically	BALB/C mice	Antiatopic dermatitis	↓clinical symptoms in a DNFB mouse model that induced lesions, ↓inflammatory cytokines	[149]
A. scoparia/aerial parts/methanolic extract	150, 300 mg/kg	In vivo	—	Sprague-Dawley rats	Nephroprotective	↓DNA damages, , ↓oxidative stress	[150]
A. capillaris Thunb/extract	10 mg/mouse/day	In vivo	Topically	Dermatophagoides farinae-sensitized NC/NGA mice	Anti-inflammatory, anti-atopic dermatitis	↓dermatitis scores, ↓bleeding, ↓hyperkeratosis, ↓hypertrophy in the dorsal skin and ear of the epidermis, ↓histamine	[151]
A. pallens/aerial parts/methanolic extract	200, 400 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Wistar rats	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidative	↓level of hepatic enzymes, ↑renal antioxidant enzymes	[152]
A. vulgaris/leaf/ethanolic extract	250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	ICR mice infected with P. berghei	Antimalarial	↓P. berghei, nontoxic	[17]
A. scoparia, A. spicigera/dichloromethane extracts	0–2 mg/mL 10% DMSO	In vitro	Heme biocrystallization and inhibition assay			,	[145]
A. annua/aqueous, hydro alcoholic extracts	—	In vitro	Parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)	Plasmodium falciparum		,	[153]
A. annua/aqueous hydro alcoholic extracts	Aqueous extract 1000 mg/kg/day, hydro alcoholic extract 500 mg/kg/day	In vivo	-	Plasmodium berghei NK173-infected m ice		↑activity on malaria of artemisinin, both extracts of A. annua are effective on malaria	[153]

↑: increase; ↓: decrease; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide; DCM: dichloromethane; DNFB: 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene; EPM: elevated plus maze; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; EO: essential oil; FST: forced swimming test; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MBT: marble-burying test; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; OFT: open-field test; PCV: packed cell volume; RBC: red blood cell; SRB: sulforhodamine B; TC: total cholesterol; TGL: triglycerides; WBC: white blood cell; WHO: World Health Organization: i.p.: intraperitoneally; FRAP: ferric-reducing ability of plasma; ABTS: 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity.