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Extract/compound | Doses | In vitro/in vivo | Route of administration/assay | Model/cells | Activity | Potential effect | Reference |
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A. nilagirica/ethanolic extracts | 500 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | Rats | Antiulcer | Gastroprotective, ↑proteins of mucus content | [123, 124] |
A. nilagirica/methanolic extract | 150–250 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | Swiss albino mice | Gastroprotective compared to standard drug vincristine | [125] |
A. absinthium, A. vulgaris/flowers/methanolic extract | 62.5, 125, 250, 500 μg/mL | In vitro | MTT | MCF7 cells | Anticancer | ↑cytotoxicity –500 μg/mL | [126] |
A. nilagirica/ethyl acetate, hexane fractions | 100 μg/mL | In vitro | SRB | DLD-1 cells | ↑cytotoxicity –23.4 μg/mL | [127] |
A. vulgaris/leaves/methanolic extract | 0.01–1.0 mg /mL | In vitro | MTT | Hepatocellular carcinoma cells | ↑apoptosis | [15] |
A. absinthium/methanolic extract | 20, 25 g/mL | In vitro | MTT | MCF-7 MDA-MB231 | ↑cancer cells suppression | [108, 128] |
A. armeniaca/CH2Cl2 fraction | 6.25–200 μg/mL | In vitro | MTS | Apoptosis-proficient HL60 apoptosis-resistant K562 | HL-60: , K562: | [129] |
A. dracunculus/aerial parts, roots/ethanol, aqueous extracts | 250 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Antidiabetic | ↓TGL, ↓LDL, ↓HDL | [14] |
A. dracunculus L. (PMI 5011)/ethanolic extract | PMI 5011 (1%) | In vivo | Diet | KK-Ay mice | ↑sensitivity of insulin, ↑insulin receptor signaling | [130, 131] |
A. sieberi (A. herba-alba)/aqueous extracts | 0.39 g/kg | In vivo | Orally | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | ↓blood glucose, ↑RBC, ↑WBC, ↑PCV, ↑ESR, ↑neutrophils, ↓heart rate | [132] |
A. persica/aqueous, methanolic extracts | 300, 400, 500 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | Sprague-Dawley rats | Antihypertensive | ↓systolic blood pressure in normotensive/hypertensive rats | [133] |
A. absinthium/aqueous extract | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | Kunming mice, NIH mice | Hepatoprotective | ↓inflammatory cells, ↓liver lipid peroxidation, ↑SOD, ↑GPx | [134] |
A. vulgaris/aerial parts/crude extract | 150, 300, 600 mg/kg | In vivo | i.p. | Balb-C mice | ↑liver structure, ↓parenchyma congestion, ↓cellular swelling, ↓apoptotic cells | [16] |
A. nilagirica/leaf extracts | 32–512 μg/mL | In vitro | Agar disk diffusion method | 15 bacterial strains | Antibacterial | Methanol, hexane extracts, ↑inhibition against phytopathogens | [135] |
A. herba- alba, A. judaica, A. monosperma/EO | 10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.0, 0.5 μL/disc | In vitro | Agar disc diffusion method. | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | A. judaica, A. monosperma plants had the highest MIC | [136] |
A. judaica/ethanol extract | 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 μg/mL | In vitro | (mic90) growth inhibition | Protozoan parasite (blastocystis) | Antiprotozoal | , ↓growth, ↑destruction of blastocystis | [137] |
A. nilagirica/EO | 0.33 μL/mL | In vitro | Inverted petri plate technique | A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus | Antifungal | , ↓fungal growth, ↓mycotoxin secretion, ↓aflatoxigenic, ↓ochratoxigenic strains | [138] |
A. annua/leaves/EO ethanolic extract | ethanol | In vivo | i.p. | Wistar rats | Antidepressant | ↑immobility time in the FST, ↓other activities in the OFT depressors of SNC | [139] |
A. absinthium/aerial parts/methanolic extract | 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg | In vivo | i.p. | Swiss albino mice | ↓immobility period in the fst and tst.dose-dependent antidepressant activity | [140, 141] |
A. vulgaris/leaves/methanolic extract | 50, 100, 300 mg/kg | In vivo | i.p. | Swiss albino mice | Antiepileptic | Anticonvulsant activities were noticed using EPM and MBT | [18] |
A. capillaris/herba/ethanolic extract | 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | Mice | Anticonvulsivant effect through the GABA-ergic neuron | [142] |
A. nilagirica/leaves/ethanolic, aqueous extracts | 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo | i.p. | Swiss albino mice | Anti-Alzheimer | Confirmation of the anti-Alzheimer’s activity of ethanol extract after object recognition and y-maze tests | [143] |
A. nilagirica/leaves/ethanolic, aqueous extracts | 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo | i.p. | Swiss albino mice | Anti-Parkinson | ↓catalepsy score in animals treated with ethanolic extract, ↑locomotor activity, ↑rotarod readings | [143] |
A. annua/aqueous, ethanolic extracts | 2 g/L | In vitro | ABTS, ORAC, FRAP | — | Antioxidant | ↑protection against the oxidative deterioration of oil-in-water emulsion | [144] |
A. dracunculus L./leaves/methanolic extract | 20 μL | In vitro | DPPH | — | ↑antioxidant activity by phenolics | [13] |
A. nilagirica/leaves/ethanolic, aqueous extracts | 50–250 μg/mL | In vitro | DPPH | — | Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract | [143] |
A. scoparia, A. spicigera/methanolic extracts | 0.25; 0.125; 0.0625; 0.0312; 0.0156; 0.0078; 0.0039; 0.0019; 0.0009; 0.00048 mg/mL | In vitro | DPPH | — | ↑free radical scavenging activity , 0.0456 mg/mL | [145] |
A. nilagirica/EO | 10; 8.6; 6.5; 6.5; 3.3; 2.5; 2 μg/mL | In vitro | Method recommended by WHO | Aedes albopictus mosquito | Insecticidal | | [146] |
A. nilagirica/EO, chloroform, petroleum ether methanolic extracts | — | In vitro | Method recommended by WHO | Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae | The EO of A. nilagirica was the most effective larvicide against A. stephensi larvae | [147] |
A. aucheri/methanolic extract | 25, 50, 100 mg/mL | In vitro | Scolicidal tests | Echinococcus granulosus | ↓effect on the protoscolices of hydatid cysts | [148] |
A. vulgaris/ethanolic extract | 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ppm | In vitro | Method recommended by WHO | Aedes aegypti | in 1 h and 18.6 ppm in 24 h, ↓ A. aegypti in various stages of its lifecycle | [19] |
A. scoparia, A. spicigera/n-hexane, DCM, MeOH extracts | 20, 40, 80 mg/mL | In vitro | Toxicity bioassay | Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) | Insecticidal properties, ↑activity of DCM extract | [145] |
A. scoparia/butanol fraction | 20 mg/site | In vivo | Topically | BALB/C mice | Antiatopic dermatitis | ↓clinical symptoms in a DNFB mouse model that induced lesions, ↓inflammatory cytokines | [149] |
A. scoparia/aerial parts/methanolic extract | 150, 300 mg/kg | In vivo | — | Sprague-Dawley rats | Nephroprotective | ↓DNA damages, , ↓oxidative stress | [150] |
A. capillaris Thunb/extract | 10 mg/mouse/day | In vivo | Topically | Dermatophagoides farinae-sensitized NC/NGA mice | Anti-inflammatory, anti-atopic dermatitis | ↓dermatitis scores, ↓bleeding, ↓hyperkeratosis, ↓hypertrophy in the dorsal skin and ear of the epidermis, ↓histamine | [151] |
A. pallens/aerial parts/methanolic extract | 200, 400 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | Wistar rats | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidative | ↓level of hepatic enzymes, ↑renal antioxidant enzymes | [152] |
A. vulgaris/leaf/ethanolic extract | 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/kg | In vivo | Orally | ICR mice infected with P. berghei | Antimalarial | ↓P. berghei, nontoxic | [17] |
A. scoparia, A. spicigera/dichloromethane extracts | 0–2 mg/mL 10% DMSO | In vitro | Heme biocrystallization and inhibition assay | , | [145] |
A. annua/aqueous, hydro alcoholic extracts | — | In vitro | Parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) | Plasmodium falciparum | , | [153] |
A. annua/aqueous hydro alcoholic extracts | Aqueous extract 1000 mg/kg/day, hydro alcoholic extract 500 mg/kg/day | In vivo | - | Plasmodium berghei NK173-infected m ice | ↑activity on malaria of artemisinin, both extracts of A. annua are effective on malaria | [153] |
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