Artemisia spp.: An Update on Its Chemical Composition, Pharmacological and Toxicological Profiles

Table 4

Toxicological studies of Artemisia species.

Extract/compound	Doses	In vitro/in vivo	Route of administration	Model	Effect	Ref
A. annua /leaf/hexane extract	1000, 2000, 2500 mg/kg	In vivo	i.p.	Wistar albino rats	↓carbohydrate, protein, lipid metabolisms, unfavourable effect on nutritional benefits, ↓hematological parameters, ↓toxicity when used acutely in rats	[202]
A. annua/hydroethanolic extract	300, 2000, 5000 mg/kg	In vivo	Orally	Swiss albino mice	No toxic or lethal reactions of all the doses	[200]
A. parviflora/aerial parts/ethanolic extract	0.10, 0.50, 1.0 g/kg	In vivo	Orally	Swiss albino mice	No significant toxic effect BW	[198]
A. abyssinica,; A. inculta/aerial parts/ethanolic extracts	500 mg/kg, 1 and 3 g/kg	In vivo	Orally	Swiss albino mice	A. inculta, : CNS stimulation, A. abyssinica, : ↓locomotor activity	[203]
A. vulgaris/oils	—	In vivo	—	Brine shrimp Artemia sp. (larvae)	–23.3 μg/mL germacrene D, camphor, 1,8-cineol, davanone: ↑toxicity	[199]
A. afra/aqueous extract	1.5–5.5 g/kg i.t., 2–24 g/kg o.p.	In vivo	i.p., orally	BALB/C mice, Wistar rats	Nontoxic when given acutely, low chronic toxicity, hepatoprotective effect in high doses	[204]
Artemether	0, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg i.m., 0, 50, 150, 600 mg/kg p.o.	In vivo	i.m., orally	Beagle dogs	High i.m. doses: neurological damage, : minimal effects occurred	[201]
Artemether, artesunate	30–100 mg/kg/day	In vivo	i.m.	Swiss albino mice	Artemether neurotoxicity is significantly more neurotoxic than i.m. artesunate	[205]