Delving the Role of Caralluma fimbriata: An Edible Wild Plant to Mitigate the Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome

Table 2

Extraction and biochemical activity of C. fimbriata extracts (CFE).

Extraction	Methodology	Result	References
Shade dried, powdered, and extracted in Soxhlet’s apparatus using several solvents including pet ether (PE), chloroform (C), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol (E), and aqueous (A)	Phytochemical screening: TPC, TFC, and antioxidant radical scavenging activity analysis	Ethanolic extraction has shown a better antioxidant profile, whereas saponins were found in extracts of PE, C, and E; Alkaloids and phenols in EA and E; Anthraquinones in C, EA, and E; Carbohydrates in C; Flavonoids in E; Steroids in C and EA; Coumarins in EA, E, and A; Quinones in C, EA, and E; Tannins in C and EA	[8]
Dried (fluidized-bed drier at 45°C for 60 min); Homogenized (food processor); Mixed with hot water (at 65°C for 3 h in a temperature-controlled incubator shaker); Cooled (room temperature); Filtered (No.1 sinter glass funnel); Centrifuged extract	Phenolic and flavonoid content were analyzed	C. fimbriata acted as a natural antioxidant against acrylamide and oxidative deterioration due to higher phenolics and l flavonoid content	[33]
Slimaluma®, a dry ethanolic extract from the aerial portions of C. fimbriata	Phytochemical analysis using NMR spectroscopy	Amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, alanine, glutamine, and tryptophan; Organic acids: lactate, acetate, and formate; Carbohydrates: glucose, sucrose trigonelline, and pregnanes	[55]
Shade drying method	Nutritional and phytochemical analysis	Following phytochemicals detected steroid, coumarin, proteins, carbohydrates, diterpenes, phytosterol, flavonoids, and alkaloids	[22]
Shade drying method	Free phenolics and antinutritional content were analyzed	Total free phenolics and antinutritional content (tannin and oxalates) were detected positively	[2]
Shade dried, powdered, and extracted in Soxhlet’s apparatus using several solvents including chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water	Phenolic and flavonoid content were analyzed	Methanol and water extraction has shown better antioxidant profiles and phenolic compounds	[21]
Shade drying method	The amino acid composition was checked	Following phytochemicals detected aspartic acid, alanine, methionine, tyrosine, lysine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, negligible amounts detected for glutamic acid and threonine	[27]
Shade drying method using several extracts; Aqueous, ethyl acetate, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts	GC-MS analyses were done	Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, quinones, oleic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid were positively detected in methanolic extract	[61]