|
| Bioactive component | Extraction | Therapeutic potential | Species variety | Reference |
|
| Pregnane glycosides (27 compounds) | Methanolic extraction | High cytotoxic activities | C. gracilis
C. dalzielii | [64] |
| Novel Pregnane glycoside | Ether eluates of methanol and benzene fractions of ethanolic extract | — | C. umbellate | [64] |
| New pregnane glycosides (2-13) | Ethanolic and butanolic extraction | Appetite suppressant
Antiobesity
High cytotoxic activity | C. fimbriata | [64] |
| New pregnane glycosides (1-20) | Chloroform and methanol extracts | — | C. negevensis
C. russeliana
C. sinaica | [64] |
| Four tetrasaccharide pregnane glycosides (desflavasides A-D) | Sap | Antidiabetic and antiulcer | C. flava | [64] |
| Pregnane glycosides (nizwaside) | Sap | Anticancer
Antidiabetic
Antiulcer | C. flava | [64, 65] |
| Pregnane glycosides (carumbelloside-III and dihydro russelioside) | Ethanolic extraction | Antidiabetic
Antiobesity
Antinociceptive
Antiulcer
Anti-inflammatory
Antiarthritis effects
Wound healing activities | C. pauciflora | [58, 64] |
| Pregnane glycoside (russelioside B) | n-Butanol fraction of methanol extract | Antidiabetic
Antihyperlipidemic | C. quadrangular | [64] |
| Five pregnane glycosides (caratuberside A-E); pregnant glycoside-russelioside | Chloroform fraction of MeOH extract | Antimalarial
Antitrypanosomal
Cytotoxic potential | C. tuberculata | [64] |
| Pregnane glycosides (desmiflavasides A and B) | Sap | Antiproliferative
Antidiabetic
Antiulcer | C. flava | [64, 65] |
| Pregnane glycosides (C15 oxypregnane glycosides (penicillosides A–C)) | Chloroform fraction of ethanol extract | — | C. penicillata | [64] |
| Four acylated pregnane glycosides (russeliosides E–H) | Methanolic extraction; chloroform extracts; and n-butanol fraction of ethanol extract | — | C. penicillata
C. russeliana | [64] |
| Five pregnane derivatives | HPLC-UV
LC/MS-TOF | — | C. fimbriata
C. attenuata
C. umbellata | [66] |
| Polyoxy pregnane glycoside (retrospinoside 1) | n-butanol fraction of methanol extract; ether extracts | High cytotoxic activity | C. retrospections | [64] |
| Bisdesmosidic C21 pregnane steroidal glycosides (lasianthosides-A and B) | n-Butanol fraction of ethanolic extract; less polar solvent extraction | — | C. lasiantha | [64] |
| Pregnane steroidal glycoside (androstan glycoside) | Ethyl acetate extract | Moderate cytotoxic activity | C. tuberculata | [64] |
| Steroidal glycosides (stalagmoside I–IV) | Butanol fraction | Anti-inflammatory | C. stalagmifera
C. indica | [64] |
| Steroidal glycosides (Caradalzieloside A-E) | CHCl3/MeOH | — | C. dalzielii | [64] |
| Flavones glycoside (luteolin-4-O-neohesperiodoside) | Methanolic extract; an n-butanol fraction of ethanol extract | — | C. lasiantha
C. russeliana | [64] |
| Flavones glycoside (megastigmane glycosides) | Methanolic extract | Anti-inflammatory | C. negevensis | [64] |
| Flavone glycosides | Methanolic extract; | Antioxidant | C. negevensis
C. attenuate | [64] |
| Steroids/triterpenoids; pentacyclic triterpenoid | n-Hexane; butanone, ethylene acetate, and n-butanol; ethanolic extraction; and chloroform extract | Antiapoptotic
Neuroprotective
Antioxidative
Anticancer
Anti-inflammatory | C. attenuate
C. nilagiriana
C. russeliana
C. edulis | [64, 67–69] |
| Stigmasterol | Less polar solvent extraction | Anti-inflammatory
Antiasthmatic
Antioxidative
Antiproliferative
Neuroprotective | C. lasiantha
C. wissmannii | [64, 70, 71] |
| Two sterols | Chloroform extract | — | C. russeliana | [64] |
| Flavonoids | Butanone, ethylene acetate, and n-butanol; ethanolic extraction; and chloroform extract | Antioxidant
Antitumor
Antimutagenic | C. attenuate
C. nilagiriana
C. sinaica
C. umbellate
C. tuberculata
C. edulis | [64, 67, 72] |
| Rutin | Ethanolic extraction | Antidiabetic
Antibacterial
Anti-inflammatory
Cardioprotective | C. nilagiriana
C. arabica | [64, 73] |
| Alkaloids | Ethanolic extraction | Antiadipogenic | C. nilagiriana
C. tuberculata
C. edulis | [45, 64, 67, 72, 74] |
| Tannins | Ethanolic extraction | Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Antidiabetic
Anticancer
Cardioprotective | C. nilagiriana
C. umbellate
C. edulis | [50, 64, 67] |
| Quercetin | — | Secondary metabolite
Cardioprotective
Neurological protection
Antioxidant | C. arabica | [64, 74–76] |
| Polyphenols/phenolic compounds | Ethanolic extraction | Antioxidant | C. nilagiriana
C. edulis | [64, 67] |
| Saponins | Butanone, ethylene acetate, and n-butanol | Immune system enhancers | C. attenuate
C. umbellate
C. tuberculata
C. edulis | [64, 67, 72] |
|
