| Cell death mode | Morphological characteristics | Biochemical features | Characteristic molecules | References |
| Apoptosis | Chromatin condensation, nuclear fixation, cell shrinkage, membrane blistering, and formation of apoptotic bodies | DNA fragmentation, no leakage of cell contents, no inflammatory reaction | Caspase 3, caspase 7, caspase 8, BCL-2, Bax, P53, Fas | [34, 35] |
| Autophagy | Accumulation of double-membraned autophagic vesicles | Increased lysosomal activity | Beclin 1, mTOR, ATG5, ATG7, LC3, TFEB, DRAM-3 | [35] |
| Pyroptosis | Nuclear consolidation, plasma membrane pore formation, cell swelling and rupture | DNA fragmentation and inflammatory cascade response | NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18 | [4, 36] |
| Ferroptosis | Mitochondrial shrinkage, increased membrane density, decreased mitochondrial cristae, and outer membrane rupture | Iron overload, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential changes | ACSL4, LPCAT3, xCT, GPX4, Fer-1, OxPLs, TfR1, SLC7A11, Nrf2, NCOA4 | [37, 38] |
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