Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Aging-Related Diseases

Table 1

EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers of aging-related diseases.

Disease	Nanovesicle	Source of EVs	Biomarkers	Refs.
AD	NDEs	Human blood	GAP43, neurogranin, SNAP25 and synaptophysin 1↓	[34]
	Exosomes	Human serum	Gelsolin↓	[40]
	NDEVs	Human plasma	Aβ42, p181-tau, and MMP-9↑	[41]
	EVs	Human plasma	The size of EVs↑; The number of EVs↓	[42]
	NEVs	Mouse plasma	t-tau, p181-tau, and Aβ42↑	[43]
	NEVs	Human serum	p181-tau, p231-tau, and annual rate of change in insulin signaling biomarkers↑	[39, 44]
	NDEs	Human plasma	Aβ1-42↑; SS-16 scores↓	[45]
Hypertension	Exosomes	Urine	PTC-EMPs↑	[53]
	EVs	Urine	p16^+ EVs↑	[54]
	Exosomes	Urine	miR-192-5p and miR-204-5p↓	[55]
T2DM	EVs	Human plasma	IGHG-1, miR-324-5p, miR-376c-3p, and miR-374b-5p↓; ITIH2 protein, serum ferritin, miR-141-3p, and miR-26b-5p↑	[56]
DN	Exosomes	Urine	miR-4534↑	[57]
DR	EVs	Human serum	miR-431-5p↑	[58]
	EVs	Human plasma	miR-150-5p↓; miR-21-3p, and miR-30b-5p↑	[59, 60]
	Small EVs	Human plasma	TNFAIP8↑	[61]

Abbreviations: NEVs: neuronal extracellular vesicles; NDEVs: neuronally derived extracellular vesicles; NDEs: neuronal-derived exosomes; IGHG-1: immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1; ITIH2 protein: interalpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 protein; TNFAIP8: tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8.