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Disease | Source of EVs | Animal model | Mechanism(s) and effect(s) | Refs. |
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AD | NSCs | APP/PS1 mice | Increased the metabolism and function of mitochondria, the activation of SIRT1, and the activity and integrity of synapses; decreased the oxidative damage of cerebral cortex and the inflammatory response | [46] |
hNSCs | 5xFAD mice | Mitigated AD-related behavioral and molecular neuropathologies | [47] |
MSCs | J20 AD transgenic (Tg) mice | Improved brain metabolism and cognitive function; reduced Aβ plaque load and inhibited astrocyte activation | [48] |
MSCs | 3xTg AD mice | Dampened microglia activation and reduced dendritic spine loss | [49] |
ADMSCs | APP/PS1 mice | Decreased the release of inflammatory factors by inhibiting pyroptosis | [50] |
HAs | APP/PS1 mice | HA-Exo provided neuroprotective effects to reverse oligomeric amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity in vitro | [51] |
Mouse plasma | OA-induced AD mice | Reduced the formation of insoluble NFTs and inhibited CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of tau | [52] |
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Osteoporosis | BMSCs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-29b-3p in EVs potentiated osteogenic differentiation through SOCS1/NF-κB pathway | [63] |
Serum of young rats | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-19b-3p in EVs promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs | [78] |
hucMSCs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice and TS-induced hindlimb disuse osteoporosis mice | CLEC11A in EVs promoted the shift from adipogenic to osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibited bone resorption | [81] |
BMSCs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | MALAT1 in EVs promoted osteoblast activity through microRNA-34c/SATB2 axis | [82] |
SHED | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-346 in EVs rescued impaired BMSC function and recovered bone loss | [83] |
Mid-to-late stage of osteoblasts | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | Enhanced osteogenesis | [84] |
BMSCs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-150-3p in EVs promoted osteoblast proliferation and differentiation | [85] |
BMSCs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-29a in EVs promoted angiogenesis and osteogenesis by acting on human venous endothelial cells | [86] |
BMSCs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-22-3p in EVs promoted osteogenic differentiation through MYC/PI3K/AKT pathway | [87] |
ECs | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-155 in EVs inhibited osteoclasts activity by acting on BMMs | [88] |
Bovine milk | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | Reduced osteoclast presence through RANKL/OPG system | [90] |
Bovine colostrum | GIOP mice | Facilitated preosteoblast proliferation and inhibited osteoclast differentiation | [91] |
hAFSCs | GIOP mice | Ameliorated the differentiation ability of HOB through a redox-dependent regulation of SIRT1 | [92] |
hUCB | OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mice | miR-3960 in EVs promoted osteogenesis and inhibited osteoclastogenesis | [93] |
|
Hypertension | Plasma from WKY | SHR and WKY | Modulated systemic blood pressure as well as structure and function of cardiovascular tissues in both normotensive and hypertensive rats | [94] |
CDCs | Ang II-induced male C57BL/6J mice | EV-YF1 attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and renal injury induced by Ang II infusion, without affecting blood pressure | [95] |
iPS-MSCs | Young and old male C57BL/6 mice | Attenuated aging-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and hypertension through SIRT1-AMPKα-eNOS pathway | [96] |
Vascular adventitial fibroblasts of normal rats | SHR and WKY | miR-155-5p in EVs inhibited cell migration and proliferation in VSMCs of SHR through suppressing ACE expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation | [97, 98] |
|
HF | hBMSCs | TAC-operated C57B6/J male mice | Regulated the fibrogenic and adhesion pathways, and cellular metabolic process in the damaged heart | [99] |
Normal human cardiomyocytes | Diseased heart tissues received from patients who underwent heart transplantation at UNC Hospital after heart failure | Promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation, decreased programmed cell death, and stimulated angiogenesis in vitro through phosphatase and tensin homolog/Akt pathway | [100] |
iPSC-Pg and iPSC-CMs | Nude mice with permanent left anterior coronary artery occlusion | miRNAs in EVs are effective in the treatment of CHF | [101] |
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T2DM | hucMSCs | Low concentrations of TNF-α and high glucose medium were used to simulate insulin resistance in human adipocytes | The insulin-stimulated glucose uptake↑ The level of leptin↓ The mRNA expression of sirtuin-1 and insulin receptor substrate-1↑ | [102] |
Pancreatic β cells | β cell-specific miR-29a/b/c transgenic mouse (βTG) model | Prediabetic β cells release exosomal miR-29 to reset macrophage inflammatory tone | [103] |
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