Review Article

[Retracted] Watery Rose Apple: A Comprehensive Review of Its Traditional Uses, Nutritional Value, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutic Merits against Inflammation-Related Disorders

Table 3

Antioxidant activity from different parts/extracts of S. aqueum.

OriginExtractMethodFindingsRef.

Whole plant
Gelugor, Penang, MalaysiaMethanolicβ-CaroteneFresh samples: 78.13% at 0.02 mg/L[22]
Dried samples: 66.67% at 0.02 mg/L
ABTSFresh samples: 76% at 0.02 mg/L
Dried samples: 68% at 0.02 mg/L

Leaves

Klang Valley, MalaysiaEthanolicDPPH[47]
Prooxidant
AqueousDPPH
Prooxidant

Klang Valley, MalaysiaEthanolicDPPH[50]
Galvinoxyl
ABTS
Lipid peroxidation
WaterDPPH
Galvinoxyl
ABTS
Lipid peroxidation

MalaysiaEthanolicDPPH[51]
AqueousDPPH

Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaAqueousDPPH[21]
ABTS
Galvinoxyl
Lipid peroxidation

Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaAqueousDPPH[16]
Galvinoxyl
ABTS
EthanolicDPPH
Galvinoxyl
ABTS

West Sumatera, IndonesiaMethanolDPPH to 17.59 μg/mL[34]
Ethyl acetate to 38.69 μg/mL
MethanolLipid peroxidation–55.85 μg/mL
Ethyl acetate–18.99 μg/mL

Fruits

South Andaman Island, IndiaAcetoneDPPH fresh mass[18]
Methanol fresh mass
Aqueous fresh mass
Imported fruit bought from local markets of MalaysiaFresh extractDPPH[52]
Ferric reducing ionThe extract showed good chelation at 120 mg/mL
Raub, Pahang, MalaysiaDPPHThe antioxidant increases gradually with 69.7% of inhibition[23]

Bark

Raub, Pahang, MalaysiaMethanolDPPH to 17.14 μg/mL[23]
Ethyl acetate–31.52 μg/mL
MethanolLipid peroxidation–22.37 μg/mL
Ethyl acetate–27.50 μg/mL