Poststroke Seizure and Epilepsy: A Review of Incidence, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Therapies

Figure 1

The main tools for diagnosing PSE: imaging, blood biomarkers, and prognostic models. The gold standard for diagnosing PSE is EEG, while CT is often used in an acute setting. Combining several of these modalities (e.g., IL-1β and SeLECT score) results in greater sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis. The SeLECT score ranges from 0-9, with 9 indicating the highest risk for developing PSE. High levels of IL-1β, APO CIII, NCAM, and FasL and low levels of Hsc70 and TNR-R1 are used to diagnose PSE. Abbreviations: EEG: electroencephalography; SPECT: single-photon emission computerized tomography; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; APO CIII: apolipoprotein CIII; NCAM: neural cell adhesion molecule; FasL: fas ligand; Hsc70: heat shock 70 kDa protein-8; TNR-R1: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; and PSE: poststroke epilepsy.