Poststroke Seizure and Epilepsy: A Review of Incidence, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Therapies

Table 1

Risk factors for post-stroke epilepsies.

Risk factor	Study	Epilepsy secondary to type of stroke	Participants	PSE incidence
Male sex	Sarfo et al. [16]	Ischemic and hemorrhagic	1101 Ghanaian stroke survivors	OR: 1.94	0.0008
HTN ()	Sarfo et al. [16]	Ischemic and hemorrhagic	1101 Ghanaian stroke survivors	OR: 2.26	0.08
Hemorrhagic transformation	Brondani et al., [23]	Ischemic	153 stroke patients	OR: 3.55	0.033
mRS >2	Brondani et al., [23]	Ischemic	153 stroke patients	OR: 5.82	0.013
NIHSS score; (a). >4; (b). >11	Abraira et al. [25]	Ischemic and hemorrhagic with early-onset PSSE; Ischemic	50 patients; 4229 patients	HR: 15.757; HR: 2.33	0.019; <0.001
Cortical involvement	Ferreira-Atuesta et al. [14]; Sarfo et al. [16]	Ischemic; Ischemic and hemorrhagic	4229 patients; 1101 Ghanaian stroke patients	HR: 2.07; HR: 1.79	<0.001; 0.02
Large artery atherosclerosis	Ferreira-Atuesta et al. [14]	Ischemic	4229 patients	HR: 1.51	0.004
Acute symptomatic seizure	Ferreira-Atuesta et al. [14]	Ischemic	4229 patients	HR: 4.18	<0.001
PSSE duration >16 hours	Abraira et al. [25]	Ischemic and hemorrhagic with early-onset PSSE	50 patients	HR: 7.483	0.023
TRPM6 polymorphism	Fu et al. [6]	Ischemic	798 Chinese patients (378 PSE, 420 controls)	OR: 1.365	0.003
IL-6 mRNA expression grade 4	Jia et al. [38]	Ischemic	209 patients	HR: 13.893	<0.001
Parietal lobe involvement	Takase et al. [17]	Ischemic and hemorrhagic	93 patients	OR: 4.95	0.023
Personal history of coronary disease	Redfors et al. [5]	Ischemic	1066 patients	HR: 2.22	0.006
Aortic dissection	Redfors et al. [5]	Ischemic	1066 patients	HR: 2.65	0.002
Anterior circulation infarct	Redfors et al. [5]	Ischemic	1066 patients	HR: 26.64	<0.001
Early seizures	Redfors et al. [5]	Ischemic	1066 patients	HR: 4.57	<0.001

PSE: poststroke epilepsy; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio; HTN: hypertension; BP: blood pressure; mRS: modified Rankin scale; NIHSS: national institutes of health stroke scale; PSSE: poststroke status epilepticus; and IL-6: interleukin-6.