Perspectives on the Molecular Mediators of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Strategies in the Context of Neuroprotection and Neurolongevity: An Extensive Review

Figure 2

Oxidative stress hypothesis as well as its effects on a cellular level. What happens to free radicals when they are formed in cells? Because of the brain’s high oxygen demand, ROS (reactive oxygen species) are constantly being produced (ROS). Since their high reaction rate increases oxidative stress and thus the formation of AGE and/or protein function loss, they also cause (i) protein oxidation and glycosylation, which leads to protein degradation; (ii) cell peroxidation, which reduces membrane fluidity and increases cellular permeability, which alters homeostasis in cells, and neurodegenerative diseases may be caused by any of these; and (iii) reasons DNA damage through guanine nucleotide oxidation or reduction [127].