TXNIP: A Double-Edged Sword in Disease and Therapeutic Outlook

Figure 2

The main mechanism of TXNIP in diabetes. ROS: reactive oxygen species; TXNIP: thioredoxin-interacting protein; TRX: thioredoxin; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family protein 3; DMF: dimethyl fumarate; VEGFER2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DN: diabetic nephropathy.