Implications of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders

Table 1

Causes of hyperpigmentation.

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(i) External factors

 Excess sun exposure, UV

 Exposure to moderate heat or infrared radiation

 Cosmetic products

 Topical products

 Constant scratching

 Allergy

 Chemotherapy drugs

 Injury and inflammation

 Infection

(ii) Internal factors

 Pregnancy

 Hormonal causes

 Aging

(iii) Certain diseases

 Diabetic dermopathy

 Addison disease

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

 Hyperthyroidism

 Acanthosis nigricans

 Hereditary hemochromatosis

 Postchikungunya fever pigmentation

 Lichen planus

 Actinic lichen planus

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