Implications of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders

Table 2

Oxidative and antioxidant systems involved in pigmentation.

---

(i) Endogenous sources of ROS

 NADPH oxidases

 Mitochondrial electron transport chain

 Nitric oxide synthases

 Lipoxygenases

 Xanthine oxidases

 Cyclooxygenases

 Cytochrome P450 enzymes

 Polyamine and amino acid oxidases

 Endoplasmic reticulum

 Peroxisomes

(ii) Enzymatic antioxidant

 Superoxide dismutase

 Catalase

 Glutathione peroxidase

 Glutathione S-transferase

 Glutathione reductase

 Thioredoxin

 Peroxiredoxins

(iii) Nonenzymatic antioxidant

 Vitamin C

 Vitamin A

 Vitamin E

 Coenzyme Q10

 Glutathione

 Ubiquinone

 Uric acid

 Melanin

 Melatonin

 Selenium

 Carotenoids

 Flavonoids

---