Abstract
N-6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification is involved in multiple biological processes including aging. However, the regulation of m6A methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) in aging remains unclear. Here, we revealed that the level of m6A modification and the expression of METTL14 were particularly decreased in the intestine of aged mice as compared to young mice. Similar results were confirmed in Drosophila melanogaster. Knockdown of Mettl14 in Drosophila resulted in a short lifespan, associated disrupted intestinal integrity, and reduced climbing ability. In human CCD-18Co cells, knockdown of METTL14 accelerated cellular senescence, and the overexpression of METTL14 rescued senescent phenotypes. We also identified the lamin B receptor (LBR) as a target gene for METTL14-mediated m6A modification. Knockdown of METTL14 decreased m6A level of LBR, resulted in LBR mRNA instability, and thus induced cellular senescence. Our findings suggest that METTL14 plays an essential role in the m6A modification-dependent aging process via the regulation of LBR and provides a potential target for cellular senescence.
1. Introduction
Aging is a systematic biological process which causes physiological deficits leading to many age-associated disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease [1–4]. Recent studies have implicated a variety of epigenetic changes that occurs during the aging process [5], including histone methylation, histone acetylation [6], DNA methylation [7], and RNA modification [8]. N-6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prominent epigenetic modification in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and noncoding RNA (ncRNA) [9]. It plays pivotal roles in biological processes such as stemness maintenance, differentiation, and cell senescence [10, 11].
The m6A modification in RNA is a reversible chemical modification. It is regulated by the methyltransferase complex consisting of m6A “writers” (including METTL3, METTL14, and WTAP), m6A “erasers” (including FTO and ALKBH5), and m6A “readers” (including YTHDC1, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, and HNRNPC) [12–14]. The downstream functions of m6A are mediated by reader proteins that regulate mRNA processing [15]. IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, and YTHDF1 are a class of m6A readers which promote the stability of mRNAs [16–18]. Besides, there are various other regulations including mRNA stability, translational regulations, pre-mRNA splicing, and RNA nuclear export [12].
Previous studies have shown that METTL3/14 is progressively declined in cells that have undergone replicative senescence [19]. Global m6A modification level is also notably reduced in prematurely senescent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) [20]. Further studies found that depletion of METTL3 led to m6A modified MIS12 mRNA downregulation, thus accelerating hMSC senescence [20]. Global m6A modification mainly occurs in mRNAs, and a subset of methylated mRNAs are subsequently decreased in old cohorts compared to young cohorts [21].
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an evolutionary conserved, multifunctional protein [22]. Previous studies have shown that knockdown of LBR facilitates cellular senescence in HeLa cells and induces cellular senescence in normal human diploid fibroblasts [23]. Lack of LBR caused chromatin structure changes and altered metabolic and inflammatory processes, resulting in physiological aging [24]. Knockdown of LBR could upregulate the expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors such as IL-6 and IL-8 in HeLa cells [25]. Recent study indicated the reduction of LBR by miR-340-5p as a mechanism whereby WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts promote senescence by reducing chromatin stability [26]. Studies also demonstrated that cytoplasmic chromatin foments (CCF), a senescence-associated proinflammatory program, underscore the important and novel role for LBR in maintaining heterochromatin homeostasis and avoiding senescence [27].
The intestine is an organ which undergoes considerable degeneration corresponding to the aging process [28, 29], whilst remaining indispensable for food digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste removal [30]. Upon aging, the intestinal barrier function becomes weakened, and the ability of digestion and absorption undergoes a corresponding decline. Drosophila is a useful model organism for studies on human aging [31]. For example, both Drosophila models and human studies have shown similarly increased intestinal permeability with aging [32, 33]. However, whether m6A RNA modification plays a role in gut senescence has not yet been well elucidated.
In this study, using mice, Drosophila, and a colon fibroblast-CCD18-Co cell line as models, we explored the effects of m6A modification on the gut function and cellular senescence. The m6A modification level showed considerable decreased in 18-month mice gut tissues comparing with those of 3-month mice. Knockdown of METTL14 in CCD18-Co cells also showed characteristics of accelerated senescence. Correspondingly, flies with Mettl14 depletion had a shorter lifespan and disrupted intestinal integrity. We concluded that METTL14 exerts a regulatory function via m6A modification in LBR RNA during aging that is highly correlated to cellular senescence.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and DOX-Induced Senescent Cells
The colon fibroblast cell line CCD-18Co was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The cell line was cultured in Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM; Genom, Hangzhou, China) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sijiqing, Hangzhou, China) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin. The cell line was cultured in a monolayer culture in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37°C. For senescence induction, cells were plated at a density of 200,000 per well of a six-well plate. For induction of senescence by doxorubicin (DOX; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), CCD-18Co cells were cultured in the presence of 300 nM doxorubicin in complete culture media for 72 h. CCD18-Co cells were cultured to a confluent state and counted. Population doubling level (PDL) during each passage was calculated by the (, added population doubling level; N2, collected cell number at the end of each passage; and N1, cell number at the beginning of each passage). Cells were passaged until they did not show obvious proliferation (usually passage 18–20), which could be considered as high passage. Cells at higher passages and DOX-induced senescent cells were used for analysis.
2.2. Plasmid Construction and Lentivirus Preparation
For the METTL14 overexpression, the METTL14 coding region was inserted into a pLV-puro plasmid (GeneChem, Shanghai, China). For METTL14 or LBR knockdown, lentiviral vector (GV248) containing METTL14 or LBR was obtained from GeneChem (Shanghai, China). The shRNA sequences were listed in Table 1. HEK 293 T cells were transfected with abovementioned plasmids and the virus packing plasmids using PolyJet transfection reagent (SignaGen, Rockville, MD, USA). The virus-containing medium was harvested and filtered to remove cell debris after 48 h. CCD-18Co cell line was plated in six-well plates. 24 hours later, the cell lines were transduced with virus-containing medium to establish stably infected cell lines.
2.3. Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
For RT-qPCR assays, total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocols, and then, a total of 1 μg RNA was converted into cDNA using PrimeScript™ RT Reagent Kit (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RT-qPCR was carried out using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara, Japan) in a Light Cycler®480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche) using cDNA. The cDNA was then quantified using real-time PCR under the following conditions: denaturation at 95°C for 2 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, and 60°C for 30 s. The primer sequence of related genes involved in the article is listed in Table 2. The 2−ΔΔCt method was applied to calculate the relative mRNA expression. β-Actin served as internal normalized reference.
2.4. Western Blotting
Total proteins were extracted from CCD-18Co cells using a RIPA lysis buffer. The concentration of extracted proteins was measured using the BCA standard method (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology Corp., Shanghai, China). Samples containing equal amounts of proteins were electrophoresed using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 10% gels and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. After blocking with 5% BSA solutions for 2 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated using the following antibodies: LBR (diluted 1 : 500, ab32535; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), p53 (diluted 1 : 1000, ab26; Abcam), p21 (diluted 1 : 1000, ab109199; Abcam), p16 (diluted 1 : 1000, ET1602-9; HUABIO, Hangzhou, China), METTL14 (diluted 1 : 1000, 26158-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), WTAP (diluted 1 : 1000, 60188-1-Ig; Proteintech), ALKBH5 (diluted 1 : 1000, 16837-1-AP; Proteintech), YTHDC1 (diluted 1 : 1000, A7318; ABclonal, Wuhan, China), YTHDC2 (diluted 1 : 1000, A15004; ABclonal), METTL3 (diluted 1 : 1000, db318; Diagbio, Hangzhou, China), and β-actin (as the loading control) (diluted 1 : 1000, 3700; CST, Danvers, USA) at 4°C overnight. They were then washed three times with TBST and then incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to horse radish peroxide (HRP) (diluted 1 : 5000, A0208; Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Specific immune complexes were exposed with ECL Western Blotting Substrate (NCM Biotech, Suzhou, China) and detected using the Syngene GeneGenius gel imaging system (Syngene, Cambridge, UK).
2.5. m6A Dot Blot Assay
Total RNA isolated from tissues or cells, as described above, was dissolved in 3 times volume of RNA incubation buffer and denatured at 65°C for 5 min. Then, the samples were divided into subgroups of 200 ng, 100 ng, or 50 ng. These were dissolved in SSC buffer (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China), loaded to an Amersham Hybond-N+ membrane (GE, Healthcare, USA) which was settled on the Bio-Dot Apparatus (Bio-Rad, USA). The membrane was then crosslinked by UV light for 5 min, followed by staining with 0.02% methylene blue (Sangon Biotech, China). The membranes were scanned to indicate the total content of input RNA. After blocking with 5% skimmed milk, membranes were incubated with specific m6A antibody (diluted 1 : 1000, #202003; Synaptic System, Germany) overnight at 4°C. Following washing, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) for 2 h before being visualized using the imaging system. The results of dot blotting were obtained using Syngene GeneGenius gel imaging system (Syngene, Cambridge, UK) and quantified by ImageJ. Methylene blue (MB) staining was used as loading control.
2.6. RNA Decay Assay
To measure RNA stability, an RNA decay assay was performed. CCD-18Co cell line was cultured in three 6-well plates followed by the treatment of METTL14 knockdown. Actinomycin D (Selleck, S8964) was added into each well at a final concentration of 5 μg/ml. Cells were collected at 0, 2, or 4 h. Total RNA was extracted, and qPCR was performed to quantify the relative abundance of LBR mRNA (relative to 0 h).
2.7. Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)
m6A antibody (Synaptic System; #202003) and normal rabbit IgG (Beyotime Biotechnology, #A7028) were conjugated to protein A/G mixed magnetic beads, respectively (Beyotime Biotechnology, #A7016), overnight at 4°C. Total RNA was incubated with the antibody in immunoprecipitation buffer supplemented with RNase inhibitor overnight at 4°C. RNA was then eluted from the beads and extracted, and the m6A-enriched RNA and the input reversely transcribed into cDNA. Enrichment was detected by qPCR. Relative enrichment of m6A was normalized to the input: .
2.8. Cell Proliferation
To determine the clonal expansion efficiency of the cells from the different treatment groups, 2000 cells were seeded in 6-well plate. About 10-15 days later, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min and then stained with 0.2% crystal violet staining solution (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology Corp., Shanghai, China) for 20 min at room temperature. Crystal violet was then eluted using 10% acetic acid, and the OD was examined at 595 nm using a spectrophotometer.
2.9. SA-β-Gal Staining
SA-β-Gal activity was measured using a SA-β-Gal staining kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology Corp., Shanghai, China). Specifically, cells were washed three times with PBS and fixed for 15 min at room temperature for 15 min in the fixing solution of the SA-β-Gal kit. After washing in PBS three times, cells were incubated in senescence detection solution overnight at 37°C. The cells were then observed under a light microscope. SA-β-Gal activity was expressed as the percentage of SA-β-Gal staining-positive cells to total cells.
2.10. Immunofluorescence Staining
Immunofluorescence experiments were performed as follows. CCD-18Co cells were grown on coverslips. Cells were fixed for 15 min at room temperature (RT) in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution before being permeablized by PBS with 0.1% Triton-X-100 for 10 min at RT. Coverslips were then washed with PBS and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS. Primary antibody was incubated for 2 h and secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. An anti-m6A antibody (#202003) was used at 1 μg/ml for immunofluorescence. Alexa 568-conjugated anti-rabbit (diluted 1 : 200, Invitrogen, USA) was used as the secondary antibodies for immunofluorescence analysis.
2.11. Animals
The C57BL/6 mice used in this experiment were obtained from SLAC Laboratory Animal Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and housed in a specific pathogen-free (SPF) level room. The room temperature was maintained at 22°C with 12 h light/dark cycle. Mice were provided with ad libitum water and food. All animal studies were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Use and the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (20161206-21). The following fly strains were used: w1118, tubulin-Gal4, and UAS-Mettl14-RNAi.
2.12. Fly Lifespan Assay
Flies were reared on standard cornmeal medium at 25°C. Progeny was reared at standard density under 12L:12D at 25°C and 70% humidity. Adult flies were collected in standard culture vials with a maximum of 10 flies per vial. Flies were counted daily and transferred to fresh vials every other day. The lifespan of the fly was calculated as the number of days it survived postemergence.
2.13. Climbing Assay
In brief, cohorts of 20 flies of the indicated age and genotype were transferred into two empty vials which were connected at their opening with adhesive tape, creating an enclosed transparent tube, approximately 15 cm tall. After the transfer, flies were allowed to rest for 30 minutes at room temperature. The tubes were then tapped to bring all the flies to the bottom. The movement of the flies during the experiments was recorded using a digital camera. The number of flies passing the 8 cm mark on the vial over 20 seconds was counted. For each cohort of 30 flies, the experiment was repeated 3 times. A total of two cohorts from separate crosses were analyzed and scored for each group.
2.14. Smurf Assay
Gut barrier function was analyzed by placing flies on blue food (FD&C blue dye#1, E8500 blue dye, Solarbio, Beijing, China) postfeeding [34]. Briefly, each group was transferred onto fresh medium containing blue dye (2.5% w/v) at 8 a.m. for 12 h. “Smurf” flies were defined by visible blue food dye seen throughout the body (not limited to the proboscis and crop), which suggests disruption of gut integrity. A fly was counted as “Smurf positive” when blue dye could be observed outside of the digestive tract [35].
2.15. Statistical Analysis
Data was expressed as . Student’s test was used to analyze the differences between two groups. A one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the differences among more than two groups. A value <0.05 was regarded statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 8.0 Software (GraphPad, Inc., San Diego, USA).
3. Results
3.1. The m6A Modification and the Expression Level of Mettl14 Were Decreased in Aged Mice and Drosophila
To investigate whether m6A modification level changes with aging, we firstly performed m6A dot blot assay to detect m6A level in various tissues of 18-month or 3-month old mice (Figure 1(a)). Results showed that m6A level was decreased in colon tissues of 18-month-old mice as compared to that of 3-month-old mice but not in other tissues from the muscle, hippocampus, or heart (Figures 1(b)–1(e)). The decreased m6A level could be related to the dysregulation of the m6A methylase complex or demethylases [36]. Western blot analysis of key enzymes showed that the expression of Mettl14 was significantly downregulated in intestine tissues of 18-month mice, compared to that in the 3-month group (Figure 1(f)), which were consistent with the qPCR data (Figure S1A). To examine whether Mettl14 was downregulated during aging in other organisms, we analyzed the m6A modification levels in flies and found that the mRNA expression of Mettl14 was significantly decreased in 40-day old flies as compared to that in 5-day old flies (Figure S1B). These observations suggest that decreased Mettl14 expression levels are associated with the aging process.
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3.2. The Modification of m6A Was Downregulated in Senescent Cells
CCD-18Co, a colon fibroblast cell line [37], was used to evaluate the effect of m6A modification on cellular senescence. As shown in Figure S2A, the proliferation of CCD-18Co had slowed down along with the passage number, suggesting that passage 4 (P4) cells were in a relatively juvenile status, while passage 20 (P20) cells were senescent. CCD-18Co cells were treated with doxorubicin to generate drug-inducible senescence. An inhibited clone formation ability indicated the successful establishment of senescent cell model (Figure S2A). We also performed SA-β-Gal staining, one of the primary criteria for identifying senescent cells. A higher proportion of senescent cells were observed than that in control cells (Figure S2B).
We then examined the expression of METTL14 in the cells, showing downregulated METTL14 protein levels in both the replicative and inducible senescence cell models. The expression level of p53 and p21, which were markers of senescence, was negatively correlated with that of METTL14 (Figure 2(a)). An m6A modification level was also analyzed using immunofluorescence. As expected, the m6A level was reduced in cells of a higher passage number (Figure 2(b)). We further detected m6A methylation by m6A mRNA dot blot and found that the overall m6A level declined both with increasing passages and upon DOX-induced cellular senescence (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)).
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3.3. METTL14 Regulates m6A Modification-Dependent Colon Fibroblast Senescence
We generated METTL14-silenced or METTL14-overexpressed cell lines using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or overexpression plasmids (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)), respectively. shRNA-mediated METTL14 knockdown led to a significant upregulation of p53 and p21 in CCD18-Co cells, while the METTL14 overexpression considerably reduced the expressions of p53 and p21 (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). We then applied dot blot assays to determine the effects of METTL14 on m6A methylation level. Results showed that both METTL14 knockdown and overexpression significantly affected the m6A methylation level (Figures 3(c) and 3(d)), implying that METTL14 was critical for m6A modification. In addition, METTL14-silenced CCD-18Co cells acquired characteristics of premature ageing, as shown by decreased proliferative capacity and increased percentage of SA-β-Gal-positive cells. These results indicated that whilst METTL14 knockdown accelerated CCD-18Co senescence, its overexpression enhanced cell proliferation capacity and reduced the numbers of SA-β-Gal-positive cells (Figures 3(e)–3(h)). Collectively, METTL14 was confirmed to play a vital role in the m6A modification-dependent colon fibroblast senescence.
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3.4. Knockdown of Mettl14 Led to Shorter Lifespan and Disrupted Intestinal Barrier in Drosophila
To investigate the role of METTL14-mediated m6A modification in aging, we performed Mettl14 knockdown experiments in Drosophila (Figure 4(a)). The silencing efficiency of Mettl14 was validated by RT-qPCR using the whole fly sample (Figure 4(b)). We dissected gastrointestinal tracts of the flies and examined Mettl14 expression levels. A significantly downregulated level was noted in the intestine tissues of Mettl14 knockdown flies, as compared with that in controls (Figure 4(c)).
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In Drosophila, climbing ability was measured to evaluate locomotor behavior, so we evaluated the lifespan together with climbing ability of the flies (Figure S3). Results showed that Mettl14 knockdown flies had a short lifespan (Figure 4(d)) and exhibited a weaker creep ability than control flies (Figure 4(e)). This correlated with the suggestion that the loss of intestinal integrity could be used as an organismal aging marker for flies [38]. We performed Smurf assay in Mettl14 knockdown flies and observed that knockdown of Mettl14 disrupted intestinal integrity, with significantly increased Smurf-positive flies, compared to the controls (Figure 4(f)). These results suggested that Mettl14 played an essential role in regulating locomotor behavior, intestinal integrity, and aging in Drosophila.
3.5. LBR Was Identified as an m6A-Targeted Gene
The Myriam Gorospe group, aimed to identify robust shared markers of senescence, performed RNA-sequencing analysis across 8 diverse models of senescence triggered in human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38, IMR-90) and endothelial cells (HUVEC, HAEC) by replicative exhaustion, exposure to ionizing radiation or doxorubicin, and expression of the oncogene HRAS-G12V [39]. On the basis of the data (GSE130727) presented above, the same data was reanalyzed. Considering that there was a positive correlation between m6A modification levels and mRNA expression levels [20], we focused on protein-coding genes that were downregulated in nine comparison groups. Using a Venn diagram, a total of 19 common candidate key genes were unveiled. We then conducted RT-qPCR to evaluate the impact of METTL14 on each candidate gene. Among these, LBR was significantly downregulated following METTL14 silencing (Figure 5(a)). We further confirmed that METTL14 knockdown resulted in decreasing LBR protein level in CCD18-Co cells and the overexpression of the METTL14 enhanced LBR expression (Figure 5(b)). These data indicated that LBR could be a target gene of METTL14.
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To identify the specific m6A methylation loci of LBR, we interrogated the LBR sequence using the SRAMP website (http://www.cuilab.cn/sramp/) [40] and screened out 2 positions with a likely abundance of m6A methylation loci (Figure 5(c)). We also found that METTL14 knockdown induced a quicker degradation rate of LBR mRNA (Figure 5(d)). Therefore, we conducted a MeRIP-qPCR assay to determine the enrichment of m6A in LBR. Compared with IgG control, the m6A-specific antibody had robustly enriched LBR transcripts. There was a decreased amount of LBR modified by m6A following METTL14 knockdown (Figure 5(e)). Collectively, these results indicate that LBR could be a potential target gene of METTL14 in the m6A modification-dependent way.
3.6. METTL14 Delayed the Cellular Senescence through the Regulation of LBR
To uncover the role of LBR in regulating cell senescence, we performed LBR-specific shRNA knockdown in CCD-18Co cells. The SA-β-Gal staining showed that LBR knockdown clearly increased the ratios of blue-stained cells compared with those of the controls (Figure 6(a)). To investigate whether this phenotype was mediated by a dysregulation of the METTL14-LBR, CCD-18Co cells were cotransfected with an METTL14 overexpression plasmid and a shRNA plasmid targeting LBR. Western blotting analysis consistently verified the transfection efficiency. The SA-β-Gal staining assays showed that the ratios of blue-stained cells increased by LBR knocking down was reversed by transfection with METTL14 plasmid (Figure 6(b)).
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4. Discussion
Over recent years, most developed countries have become increasingly prone to an aging population [41]. This may have paved the way for an increasing proportion of research focusing on molecular mechanisms associated with aging. An increase in intestinal permeability would allow bacterial components (e.g., LPS) to enter the bloodstream [42]. Growing evidence indicated that chronic inflammation accelerates senescence, while inflammation deletion delays senescence [43]. To our knowledge, disruption of the epithelial integrity allowed for enhanced permeability, bacterial translocation, and inflammation leading to inflammaging.
Growing evidence showed that m6A modification had an essential effect on some underlying diseases including cancers [42] and participated in multiple physiological and pathological processes by modulating different target pathways. m6A modification was essential for the maintenance of colonic epithelial homeostasis, and mice with colon-specific KO of Mettl14 showed disturbed integrity of the colonic epithelial barrier [43]. Wang et al. recently uncovered a novel antiviral function of m6A modification during rotavirus (RV) infection in small bowel intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) [44]. Similar study supported a model in which m6A modifications in the Traf6 transcript regulated the intestinal immune response to bacterial infection via a complex consisting of YTHDF1, DDX60, and the Traf6 transcript [45].
Epigenetic modifications have been suggested to play central roles in cell differentiation and senescence [46]. Lence et al. demonstrated that m6A modulates neuronal functions and sex determination in Drosophila, revealing that loss of function of the methyltransferases produced severe behavioral defects [47]. METTL3, in particular, was seen to be reduced in prematurely senescent hMSC models. Conversely, METTL3 was recognized as active in the alleviation of hMSC senescence through m6A modification-dependent stabilization of the MIS12 transcript [20].
We examined the m6A modification levels in a variety of mouse organs associated with different age groups. We found that the m6A modification level exhibited a particular decline in colon tissues of old mice. Zhang et al. had previously uncovered a unique m6A-regulation-expression pattern in the human brain and intestine tissues and confirmed m6A modification and enrichment to be organ-specific processes [48]. Similarly, as m6A regulators, the altered expression of METTL3 and METTL14 has been observed in various diseases and age-related processes where METTL3/14 was observed as progressively and notably declined in human F2S fibroblasts undergoing replicative senescence [19]. METTL14 is also a noted participator in the regulation of T cell homeostasis [49], and its knockdown in embryonic mouse brains disturbed embryonic cortical neurogenesis [50].
In our study, METTL14 was identified to regulate m6A modification levels linked to senescence in animal models and in colon fibroblast cells. Our study confirmed LBR as a target gene of METTL14 and showed that the expression of LBR was altered via m6A modification in the process of cellular senescence. Specific RNA modification sites are essential for m6A modification [51]. m6A modification clearly exerts its biological function via interplay with binding proteins [52] to directly or indirectly affect RNA function [53]. We uncovered that the m6A modification might promote the mRNA stability of LBR via the regulation of METTL14. However, the specific modification sites in LBR and further validation was warranted. Interestingly, these reader proteins had very different dynamics among the different species. Ythdc1 genes showed different expression levels in different species. The gene expression of Ythdc1 was downregulated in Drosophila melanogaster while upregulated in mice intestine during aging process in RNA levels (Figure S1). Whether this process has any interplay with other m6A reader proteins such as IGF2BP1/2/3 [54–56] and YTHDF1 [18] requires further study.
In summary, our findings demonstrate that METTL14-mediated m6A modification can delay cellular senescence, potentially through enhancing the stability of LBR mRNA (Figure 6(c)). Our Drosophila model with Mettl14 depletion showed a shorter lifespan and disrupted intestinal integrity. Overall, our results might suggest a potential target for antiaging therapies.
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Authors’ Contributions
L.W., Y.M., and S.C. conceived the research idea and designed the study. Z. Z, M.X., Z.W., J.C., and F.J. carried out the experiments. J.N., J.S., H.W., H.Z., Z.L., Y.Z., and X.Y. performed the data analysis. Z. Z and M.X. wrote the manuscript with input from coauthors. All authors critically revised and approved the final version of the manuscript. Zizhen Zhang, Meng Xue, Jingyu Chen, and Zhuo Wang contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82072623) and Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation (No. LZ22H160002).
Supplementary Materials
Figure S1: verification of Mettl14 alteration in the aging process. (A) The mRNA expression level of the key enzyme of m6A modification in mice intestines from different ages. Data are expressed as of three independent biological experiments. Student -test. ; . (B) The relative mRNA expression of m6A RNA modification regulators in Drosophila at day 5 and day 40. Data are expressed as of three independent biological experiments. Student -test. ; . Figure S2: senescence-related phenotype. (A) Clonal formation assay of replicated and DOX-induced CCD18-Co. Data are expressed as of three independent biological experiments. Student -test. ; P4: passage 4; P20: passage 20. (B) Representative images of SA-β-Gal staining of replicated and DOX-induced CCD18-Co. Scale bar, 200 μm. Data are presented as , . Student -test. ; ; P4: passage 4; P20: passage 20; DOX: doxorubicin. (Supplementary Materials)