[Retracted] Protective Effects of Amauroderma rugosum on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Apoptosis, and Activating Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways

Figure 1

Effect of AR and GL extracts on Dox-induced toxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cells and the anticancer effect of Dox. H9c2 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of AR or GL extracts (0.125–2 mg/mL) for 12 h and then received a 0.5 μM Dox treatment for a further 24 h. Cell viability and LDH release in H9c2 cells were examined by (a) MTT and (b) LDH assays. (c) Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was monitored using a Seahorse metabolic analyzer. H9c2 cell response after addition of 1 μM oligomycin (Oligo), 5 μM FCCP, and 1 μM rotenone plus 1 μM antimycin () were recorded. (d) Basal respiration, (e) ATP-linked respiration, (f) maximal respiration, and (g) spare respiratory capacity in H9c2 cells were quantified. (h) MDA-MB-231 and (i) MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of Dox (0–1 μM) in the absence or presence of AR or GL (1 mg/mL) extracts for 48 h. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay, and data are presented as percentage of control group values ( of three independent experiments). indicates a statistically significant difference.

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