Apolipoprotein (a)/Lipoprotein(a)-Induced Oxidative-Inflammatory α7-nAChR/p38 MAPK/IL-6/RhoA-GTP Signaling Axis and M1 Macrophage Polarization Modulate Inflammation-Associated Development of Coronary Artery Spasm
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
(a)
Controls ()
CAS ()
value
Age (years)
62.5 (54.0–66.5)
53.5 (46.3–63.8)
0.07
Male sex, (%)
24 (75)
21 (66)
0.41
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.86
Current smoker, (%)
9 (28)
10 (31)
0.78
Diabetes mellitus, (%)
9 (28)
3 (9)
0.06
Hypertension, (%)
17 (53)
11 (34)
0.13
Left ventricular ejection fraction, %
0.74
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
0.05
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
0.37
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
0.15
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
0.83
Lipoprotein(a) (mg/dL)
0.011
Peripheral leukocytes (/mm3)
0.045
Monocytes (/mm3)
0.046
Macrophage (/mm3)
0.013
Lymphocytes (/mm3)
0.06
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
0.85
Hematocrit (%)
0.54
Platelet (×103/mm3)
0.1
hs-CRP (mg/L)
0.80 (0.50–2.28)
1.04 (1.00–2.03)
0.044
Coronary artery with lesion
Left anterior descending artery, (%)
4 (11)
Left circumflex artery, (%)
3 (9)
Right coronary artery, (%)
25 (78)
Number of spastic arteries
One-vessel spasm, (%)
27 (84)
Two-vessel spasm, (%)
4 (14)
Three-vessel spasm, (%)
1 (4)
(b)
Medications
A
D
A
D
A
D
β-Blockers, (%)
21 (66)
13 (41)
21 (66)
6 (19)
1.0
0.06
Calcium-channel blockers, (%)
16 (50)
18 (56)
11 (34)
31 (97)
0.21
<0.001
Angiotensin receptor blocker, (%)
17 (53)
19 (59)
11 (34)
12 (38)
0.13
0.08
Nitrates, (%)
16 (50)
5 (16)
10 (31)
13 (41)
0.13
0.03
Statins, (%)
6 (19)
13 (41)
11 (34)
20 (63)
0.16
0.08
Aspirin, (%)
30 (94)
26 (81)
30 (94)
31 (97)
1.0
0.05
Diuretics, (%)
2 (6)
2 (6)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0.15
0.15
Values are expressed as or median (interquartile range). A: before angiography; CAS: coronary artery spasm; D: at discharge; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Lp(a): lipoprotein(a). Log-transformed values were used for the analyses.
