NAD⁺-Consuming Enzymes in Stem Cell Homeostasis

Table 3

Improvement of stem cell homeostasis by adding NAD⁺ precursors.

NAD^+ precursors	Concentrations	Stem cells	Functions	References
NR	400 mg/kg/day	MuSC	Antiaging	[8]
	500 mg/kg/day	ISC	Antiaging	[117]
	500 μM	iPSC	Ameliorating mitochondrial function	[118]
	400 mg/kg/day	HSC	Restoring youthful metabolic capacity	[119]
NAM	10 mM	hESC	Promoting pancreatic differentiation	[120]
NMN	0.03–2.25 μM	MSC	Maintaining self-renewal	[121]

hESC: human embryonic stem cell; HSC: hematopoietic stem cell; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; ISC: intestinal stem cell; MSC: mesenchymal stromal cell; MuSC: muscle stem cell; NAM: nicotinamide; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; NR: nicotinamide riboside.