A lifelong exposure to environmental factors, particularly to environmental pollution, may have a profound influence on the human (epi)genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. While their influence is indisputable, the specific validation (exposome) takes a long time to develop, without a prediction of how significant it will be. In recent years, through the use of advanced scientific tools, the multi-omic approach has become a key area of both fundamental and translational approaches in studying the development of chronic non-communicable human diseases. Providing molecular mechanisms of how specific environmental factors provoke free radical production or how free radicals, as a part of environmental pollution, can affect human health, while contributing to the onset of a specific disease, is a matter of great research. In recent research into chronic disease development, emphasis has been placed on understanding the natural history of the diseases by understanding the factors of individual sensitivity, with a focus on the ways in which the oxidative stress within the body can be balanced and on how proper nutrition, new drugs, or lifestyle can affect the body’s response.

Starting from the definition of a fingerprint as “the impression taken for the purpose of identification and characteristic revealing origin”, potential originality lies in the ability to accurately distinguish and recognize the earliest and innovative exposomic biomarkers, the earliest surrogate markers, and new theranostic markers in disease diagnostics, prevention, and treatment. Translated into the multi-omics language, it is necessary – through the accurate laboratory diagnostics – to determine whether the current diagnostic tool may be considered a reflection of the early development of a disease and may eventuate in the specific disease cascade so that it can be declared a valid biomarker. A step forward is surrogate markers, reflecting the disease stage and progression, while the theranostic markers are the integrated targeted therapies, representing the management of the disease through the specific response to therapeutic intervention or alternative treatment options in chronic diseases and carcinogenesis.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collate articles related to the role of free radicals and multi-omics in describing exposomic marker and other biomarkers of disease. Potential research topics are focused on surrogate markers, theranostic markers, and personalised therapeutic and nutritional regimen for multi-omics induced disease prevention and treatment. Original research and review articles are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Translational studies using human tissue and blood samples
• In vivo experimental animal models of free radical-induced chronic diseases
• In vitro cell culture models of free radical-induced chronic diseases
• In vitro structure-based new drug design in treating and preventing free radical-induced chronic diseases
• Identification and characterization of cell signaling pathways sensing exposomic signals originating outside of the cell
• Identification and characterization of novel regulatory pathways connecting redox-sensitive signalling with signal transduction kinases to cell transcriptome and proteome
• “microRNomics” and non-coding RNAs metabolism connection with free radicals in chronic diseases and carcinogenesis
• Identification of oxidatively-modified biomolecules, enzymes, and metabolites as epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modulators