Deep, Surface, or Both? A Study of Occupational Therapy Students’ Learning Concepts

Table 1

Characteristics of the study sample ().

Variables	Total sample ()	1st year ()	2nd year ()	3rd year ()
Sociodemographic factors
Age, ()	23.9 (4.4)	22.9 (4.4)	23.0 (2.4)	25.7 (5.2)	0.001
Female gender, (%)	118 (79.2)	42 (82.4)	36 (73.5)	40 (81.6)	0.48
Personal factors
Self-esteem, ()	12.3 (1.9)	12.1 (1.9)	12.5 (1.8)	12.5 (1.9)	0.38
General self-efficacy, ()	28.4 (5.0)	27.6 (5.0)	28.8 (4.9)	28.9 (5.3)	0.37
Education factors
Prior higher education, (%)	65 (43.6)	22 (43.1)	22 (44.9)	21 (42.9)	0.98
Average time per week on the independent study, ()	9.3 (5.0)	11.0 (4.1)	6.7 (3.6)	10.2 (6.7)	<0.001
Self-assessment of study performance, ()	6.2 (1.3)	5.7 (1.5)	6.3 (1.2)	6.5 (1.2)	<0.01
Learning concepts
Deep concept, ()	12.8 (1.5)	12.7 (1.5)	12.9 (1.3)	12.9 (1.6)	0.85
Surface concept, ()	12.8 (1.4)	13.1 (1.5)	12.4 (1.5)	12.9 (1.3)	0.08
Collected efforts’ concept, ()	25.6 (2.3)	25.8 (2.4)	25.3 (2.3)	25.6 (2.3)	0.50

Note. Statistical tests are chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA.