Cognitive Rehabilitation of Adaptive Behavior in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristic of included studies.

Study	Design	Jadad score	Participants	Intervention		Outcome measure	Outcome
				Intervention/groups	Session/time
Young et al. [22]	RCT	4	3–5-year-old students with autism spectrum disorder ()	(i) Comprehensive autism program (); (ii) Business as usual public schools ()	1 day per month/for 6 months	Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales	Treatment effects were moderated by severity of ASD.
Corbett et al. [19]	RCT	3	8–14 years with autism spectrum disorder ()	(i) SENSE Theatre intervention (); (ii) Control ()	4 hours/10 sessions	Adaptive Behavior Assessment System	The theatre-based intervention was provided initial support for the efficacy.
Landa et al. [21]	RCT	3	Toddlers with autism spectrum disorder ()	(i) Interpersonal synchrony (); (ii) Noninterpersonal synchrony ()	2.5 hours per day/four days per week	Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile	A significant treatment effect was found for socially engaged imitation in the interpersonal synchrony group.
Dawson et al. [20]	RCT	3	18–30-month-old children with autism spectrum disorder ()	(i) Early start Denver model intervention group (); (ii) Assess-and-monitor group ()	2-hour sessions/twice per day/5 days per week/2 years	Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales	The intervention for toddlers with ASD is for improving cognitive and adaptive behavior and reducing severity of ASD diagnosis.
Tang et al. [23]	RCT	3	Infants and toddlers with motor or global developmental delay ()	(i) Institutional-based therapy program (ITP) (); (ii) ITP plus a structured home activity program (HAPs) ()	(i) ITP for 45 minutes per session/12 weeks; (ii) ITP 30 minutes with 15 minutes of HAPs per session/12 weeks	Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers	Early intervention programs are helpful for these children.
van Dongen-Boomsma et al. [24]	RCT	5	5–7-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	(i) Visuospatial working memory group (); (ii) placebo group ()	15 minutes/5 days a week/25 sessions	Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function	No significant treatment effect on any of the primary or other secondary outcome measurements was found.